在日常的學(xué)習(xí)、工作、生活中，肯定對(duì)各類范文都很熟悉吧。大家想知道怎么樣才能寫一篇比較優(yōu)質(zhì)的范文嗎？下面是小編為大家收集的優(yōu)秀范文，供大家參考借鑒，希望可以幫助到有需要的朋友。

最新sp小貝協(xié)議書匯總一

welcome to hunlunbeier grassland! first of all, id like to tell you why people call this bdautiful grassland hulunbeier grassland. there is a moving legend behind it. a long, long time ago there lived a couple of lovers on the grassland. the girl was a hu lun. the boy was bei er. one day a demon chief called mang gusi abducted hulun and dried up the grassland. the grass withered and yellowed and domestic animals died one after order to save the grassland and hu lun, beier traved a great distance on foot, chasing after mang gasi day and night. finally, he fainted from exhaustion. in his weakened state, he dreamt that the demon chief had magically turned hu lu,bei er traveled a great distance on foot, chasing after mang gasi day and night. finally, he fainted from his weakened state, he dreamt that the demon chief had magically turned hu lun into a flower which was and suffering from the windy dream in front of him. he immediately watered the flower and broke the spell. hu lun changed back into her former self. but the demon chief would not give up. he immediately watered the flower and broke the spell. hu lun changed back in to her former self. but the demon chief would not give up. he seized hu lun and took her away again. hu lun racked her brain for a way to escape. she succeeded in getting hold of the magic pearl on the demon chief`s head. on swallowing the pearl hu lun turned into a lake. in the meantime beier had killed all of the other demons, but failed to find hu lun. heartbroken, bei er jumped in to a lake to kill of a sudden the earth split open and formed two lakes, hu lun lake and bei er lake, with the wilson river closely connecting them. later,people living on the grassland named the land hulunbeier grassland in momory of them.

hulunbeier covers an area of 250.557 square kilometers,with a totel population of 2.66 million. the mongolian natiality is the dominant ethic group, and 35 other nationlities,such as dawoer, ewenke, elunchun, han, manchu, russian, etc. live in harmony with them on the grassland. hunlunbeier is called green and clean land because it is relatively free of pollution.

(entering the grassland)

now were setting foot on hunlunbeier grassland. all of us have escaped from the city and its clamour and entered a place like a dreamland,look! the grassland looks like asoft, green cerpet, nowyou can enjoy the beautiful scenery in the distance; numeros kinds of wild flowers are in bloom, and wisps of smoke are rising continuously from the yurta scattered on the grassland. when the gentle breeze brushes against the grass, herds of horses and cattle and flock of sheep seem to be drifting from here ro there. what a beautiful picture!

(visiting a yurt)

this is the yurt we saw from the bus just now. look!the host and his family have come out of the to greet us. of couse, this is not an arranged reception, to be sure. but before we enter the yurt, idlike to make a brief introduction on the folk costoms here. no matter which yurt you happen to visit, you will finethat on hesring your footsteps the mongolian people will extend a warm welcome outsite the yurt, to do justice to their reputed hospitality. when greeting you, they will put their hands against their chests and bow slightly. with a how do you do, they invite their guestsin. male guests are invited to sit on the left and female on the right, while host sits in midle. the moment you take your seats, your host will have milk tea and various kinds of milk products pleaced in front of you. after a white, you will most probably probabyly be asked to help yourself to a special course called shouba lamd. as a way of showing respct to his distinguished guest, your hast will prsent you with a hada( a piece of silk used as a greeting gift), together with a cup of lacal wine. mongolians are well known for theirtalent in singing and beautiful songs are as entertaining and pleasant as the blue sky, white clouds, greengrass and fresh flowers, in folk culture, there is a saying that a feast is not a true feast without the company of songs. every person in the grassland, man or woman, old or young, can sing folk songs. when proposing toasts to their guests, they will show their hospitality by singing folksongs and playing special fiddles. the mongolian people have lived on the vast grassland for a long time, and they have refined their talent for sing and dancing. you can not only please your eyes with their traditional ethnic dancing but also with their mondern ones featuring merry rhythms and vigorous let`s enter the yurt and take advantage of this opportunity to be guests in a mongolian herdsman`s home.

(stepping out of the yurt)

under the blue sky and white clouds, you will see a vivid picture of flocks of sheep and herds of cattle, galloping horses and skillful herdsen on horseback brandishing horsewhips. do you want to go for a ride ? if you are skilled at riding, why not ride a mongolian horse for a while or wander about on camelback?if you are afraid of riding horses or camels,never mind. you still can enjoy the nomandic life by taking a special mongolian vehicle called a lele.

(briefing on the physique of mongolians)

now you have had a look at the grassland with your own eyes, but did you noticed that the mongolian girls are graceful,elegant and vigorous, and the young fellow are robust, heroic and muscular? it is said that this has much to do with their life styles which are connected with horse sports,running and r,the important role played by milk tea and milk products in developing their muscles and bones canot be underestimated.

(briefing on the dietary habit of mongolians)

lets start with milk tea,the host minces the tea and put it in a kettle to boil it. when the kettle starts boiling with a gurgling sound, the host pours the fresh milk into it. thus the herdsman coming in from a snowstorm will warm up immediately after having such a cup of milk tea. a bowl of milk tea, stir-fried rice, several piece of a dry milk product and some lamb is regarded as a delicious meal by the ordinary mongolian herdsman. milk products include the skin of boiled milk, milk curd, milk wine, cheese, butter and so on. the formal meal may be served with meat and a flour-base product.

while you are here on the grassland, it will be a great pity if you do not try shouba lamb(boil meat which is eaten using a knife and your hands).the lamb is first cut into big slices and then put into boiling water to it is half done, you cut it into smaller pieces with the mongolian knife and eat it. themongolian people think that half-done meat contains more nutrients.

(briefing on mongolian clothing)

the mongolian robe is unique to this ethnic group. the robe is often matched with a belt and head its high collar and long sleeves, the robe protects people from mosquitoes. the middle part of the robe is made loose for the convenience of riding horses and is long enough to keep the knees warm. you can find all kinds of clothes here today, but the robe is the cultural heritage of the mongolians and has become a symbol of their national conscience and identity.

(briefing on mongolian yurta)

you can see mongolian yurta here and there on do you know the history and structure of the mongolian yurta?according to the historical records of the xiongnu,an ancient ethnic group, their ancestors lived in the northland long ago. their living quarters were called yurta. in this sense mongolians, as a ethnic group, can date to 4,000 years ago. so the mongolian yurta are a symbol of the history of this ethnic group. now let`s talk about the construction of a yurt are a symbol of the history of this ethnic group, now let`s talk about the construction of a yurt. herdsmen first build a round foundation with pieces of stones, then they set up the structure with wodden wods and beams linked together with wollen or fur ropes,lastly, they cover the structure with animal skins or felt ceiling of the yurt is round. with such a structure, the yurt can withstand snowstorms and heavy rainfalls. the door of the yurt is small and down to the ground. the yurt can be easily moved and this is suitable for nomadic accounts for the reason why the structure of the yurt remains unchanged till today. if the mongolian yurt is seen as the home of the herdsmen, then the lelecarts can be viewed as their mobile homes. lelecarts move slowly with big noise. it is hard to tell when the history of lelecarts began. all the carts are made of birch, so they will reain in good condition even in wet weather. the wheels of the carts are tall and can easily roll across the uneven roads, lush bushes, thick snow and marshes. lelecarts are indispensable for herdsmen when they move cross snow-covered areas.

(briefing on mongolian festivals)

there are a lot of mogolian festivals held every year on the grassland, but the most famous one is nadam,the carnival the grassland. nadamin the mongolian language means recreation or entertainment. when it comes, there will be a lot of performances,such as horse racing, wrestling, archery and some other special ethnic performances. the nadam fair is a time-honored festival and was known world wide for 700years, nowadays the nadam fair is often held during the harvest season of the grassland, either in june or that period, herdsmen often take the opportunity to sell domestic animals and livestock products and purchasse daily necessilties and livelihood-related goods.

acturally, the herdsmen have few chances to get together on such a vast grassland, so nadam also plays the role of a big trade fair for them, when we talk about nadam, we should also talk about offering sacrifice at in mogolian means a pile of rocks or earth. on the vast and endless grassland, it is hard to tell directions, so people thought of pilling rocks or earth to mark them, in its long historical development aobao has become the shrine to offer scrifices to the god of the mountain and the god of the the sacrifice offering ceremony,people insert tree branches into the aobao and put pieces of colorful cloth or paper flags with written scripture on the branches there are four types of memorial ceremonies, namely blood,wine,fire and jade. no matter what type it is, a lama will be invited to butn incenses, chant scriptures and pray for the blessing of the people and their livestock. participants will walk around the aobao clockwise three the ceremony, the herdmen will not only enjoy horse races,wrestling and archery, but also singing, dancing and drinking to their heart`s content. around that time, young lovers will probably leave the crowd to be in a world of their own.

dear,distinguished guests,after this tour of this grassland i believe you must have a general idea of how the mongolian pelple live here and may een feel reluctant to leave the beautiful hulunbeier grassland. i belive the grassland and its people enjoyed your visit as much as you did and look forward to your next one.

ladies and gentlemen,i hope to have another chance to meet you again on this very land, the hulunbeier grassland. goodbye and good luck.

最新sp小貝協(xié)議書匯總二

[提要]實(shí)驗(yàn)室在一個(gè)國(guó)家的創(chuàng)新體系中具有基礎(chǔ)性作用。本文以創(chuàng)新價(jià)值鏈為理論基礎(chǔ)，對(duì)有近百年歷史的貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室的興衰進(jìn)行案例分析，分析其成功的機(jī)制，也總結(jié)其走向衰弱的原因。并對(duì)我國(guó)建設(shè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室提出若干有針對(duì)性的建議。

關(guān)鍵詞：貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室；創(chuàng)新價(jià)值鏈；國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室；科技創(chuàng)新

中圖分類號(hào)：f27文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼：a

收錄日期：2017年10月23日

實(shí)驗(yàn)室在一個(gè)國(guó)家的創(chuàng)新體系中具有基礎(chǔ)性的作用，對(duì)促進(jìn)原始創(chuàng)新、培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新人才、培育新興產(chǎn)業(yè)起著至關(guān)重要的作用。本文以創(chuàng)新價(jià)值鏈為理論基礎(chǔ)，以美國(guó)貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室為案例，分析其近百年發(fā)展歷程，對(duì)我國(guó)實(shí)驗(yàn)室資助體系提出政策建議。

以貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室為案例進(jìn)行專題研究的文獻(xiàn)在我國(guó)比較少。在知網(wǎng)上以“貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室”為標(biāo)題關(guān)鍵詞檢索，截至2016年底，共有文獻(xiàn)193篇，剔除介紹類、技術(shù)類文獻(xiàn)外，大多分析貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室的成功之道。1984年，美國(guó)電報(bào)電話公司（at&t）被拆分后，貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室走向衰弱，2008年金融危機(jī)后貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室放棄了基礎(chǔ)物理研究，對(duì)其由盛轉(zhuǎn)衰的專題研究更少，大多以報(bào)道、評(píng)論的形式見(jiàn)諸報(bào)紙與網(wǎng)絡(luò)。

我國(guó)學(xué)者更多的是對(duì)國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行面上研究，周岱等（2008）將美國(guó)實(shí)驗(yàn)室分為三類：gogo（government-ownedandgovernment-operated）實(shí)驗(yàn)室，政府擁有資產(chǎn)、政府直接管理的國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室；goco（government-ownedandcontractor-operated）實(shí)驗(yàn)室，政府擁有資產(chǎn)、政府委托承包商管理的國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室；coco（contractor-ownedandcontractor-operated）實(shí)驗(yàn)室，政府提供資助，與大學(xué)或企業(yè)界共同建設(shè)的國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室。分析了國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室三要素：物質(zhì)要素、人才要素和制度要素，著重研究國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室的管理體制和運(yùn)行機(jī)制。吳松強(qiáng)等（2013）比較美、英、德、日國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室在經(jīng)費(fèi)、人員管理與流動(dòng)、監(jiān)督與評(píng)估、資源與設(shè)備共享、合作與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)等方面的特征，對(duì)中國(guó)建設(shè)國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室起到借鑒作用。林耕等（2009）、劉學(xué)之等（2015）研究了美國(guó)國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移制度，提出了政策建議。從現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)看，我國(guó)學(xué)者對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)室的運(yùn)行及管理機(jī)制研究較多，對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)室運(yùn)行原理及成果擴(kuò)展機(jī)制的理論研究較少；對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)外實(shí)驗(yàn)室管理模式比較較多，對(duì)典型案例的深入分析較少；對(duì)國(guó)家擁有或資助的實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究較多，對(duì)企業(yè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究較少。

1925年，美國(guó)電報(bào)電話公司（at&t）收購(gòu)了西方電子公司的研究部門，成立“貝爾電話實(shí)驗(yàn)室公司”（簡(jiǎn)稱“貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室”）。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室一共誕生過(guò)11位諾貝爾物理獎(jiǎng)獲得者，分享了7次諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)，還誕生過(guò)1次諾貝爾化學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。截至2012年，貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室共有有效專利29，190項(xiàng)，出版物和會(huì)議論文400多篇，許多重大發(fā)明對(duì)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展起到關(guān)鍵性作用，如unix操作系統(tǒng)使計(jì)算機(jī)聯(lián)網(wǎng)成為現(xiàn)實(shí)，c語(yǔ)言是當(dāng)代最流行的編程語(yǔ)言，激光器與原子能、半導(dǎo)體、計(jì)算機(jī)一起被譽(yù)為20世紀(jì)四大發(fā)明，蜂窩式移動(dòng)電話、光纖及光通信科技等都來(lái)自貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室。

在貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室之前，西方工業(yè)化國(guó)家的企業(yè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室均以追求專利發(fā)明為目標(biāo)。貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室的第一任總裁f.b.尤厄特在實(shí)踐中發(fā)現(xiàn)：信號(hào)衰減、噪音干涉、信息失密等問(wèn)題都來(lái)自當(dāng)時(shí)市場(chǎng)普遍使用的“電子管”器件的固有缺陷。在“電子管”框架下的研發(fā)不能從根本上解決問(wèn)題，必須從基礎(chǔ)研究開(kāi)始實(shí)現(xiàn)顛覆性的創(chuàng)新，1947年貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室發(fā)明“晶體管”，開(kāi)啟了微電子技術(shù)和信息革命的新時(shí)代。

1984年，美國(guó)司法部根據(jù)《反托拉斯法》對(duì)at&t進(jìn)行拆分，形成新的at&t公司和數(shù)個(gè)本地電話公司，貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室也因此縮減成貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室核心團(tuán)隊(duì)。1995年到1996年間，at&t公司又被進(jìn)行一輪拆分，貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室和設(shè)備制造部門分離出來(lái)形成一個(gè)新公司——朗訊科技。2006年，法國(guó)阿爾卡特公司收購(gòu)朗訊科技形成阿爾卡特-朗訊公司，原屬朗訊科技的貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室也一并合并到阿爾卡特-朗訊公司。2015年，諾基亞收購(gòu)阿爾卡特-朗訊公司，保留貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室。2000年以來(lái)，貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室一直被縮減研究經(jīng)費(fèi)和裁員。2008年金融危機(jī)后，更是放棄了引以為傲的基礎(chǔ)物理學(xué)研究，把有限的資源投向網(wǎng)絡(luò)、高速電子、無(wú)線電、納米技術(shù)、軟件等能為母公司帶來(lái)回報(bào)的領(lǐng)域。其位于新澤西霍姆德的貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室大樓被賣掉，至高無(wú)上的科研殿堂最終淪為按平方米估價(jià)的商業(yè)樓盤。

20世紀(jì)80年代之前是貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室發(fā)展的“黃金時(shí)代”，物理史學(xué)家michaelriordan評(píng)論道“不會(huì)再有任何機(jī)構(gòu)能夠超越貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室對(duì)國(guó)家科技發(fā)展做出的貢獻(xiàn)”，作為昔日美國(guó)高科技的一張名片，其取得成功的運(yùn)行機(jī)制至今給后人以啟迪。

（一）構(gòu)建完整的創(chuàng)新價(jià)值鏈。美籍奧地利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家熊彼特首先提出了“創(chuàng)新”的概念，把技術(shù)與經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)合起來(lái)，開(kāi)創(chuàng)了“創(chuàng)新經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)”。為解釋創(chuàng)新對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的作用，諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)獲得者索羅首提技術(shù)創(chuàng)新成立的兩個(gè)條件——新思想來(lái)源和后階段發(fā)展。后人又逐步發(fā)展成“創(chuàng)新價(jià)值鏈”理論，阿迷東（，1998）把創(chuàng)新價(jià)值鏈定義為“3c”過(guò)程：創(chuàng)造（creation）、轉(zhuǎn)化（conversion）、商品化（commercialization）。漢森（，2007）等提出了一個(gè)完整的創(chuàng)新價(jià)值鏈框架，即企業(yè)的創(chuàng)新從創(chuàng)意的產(chǎn)生到價(jià)值的創(chuàng)造是一個(gè)首尾相連的過(guò)程，大致可以分為三個(gè)階段：創(chuàng)意的產(chǎn)生、創(chuàng)意的轉(zhuǎn)換、創(chuàng)意的擴(kuò)散。

貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室在多年實(shí)踐的基礎(chǔ)上，逐步形成一套獨(dú)特的創(chuàng)新的“閉循環(huán)機(jī)制”，見(jiàn)圖1。可以看到，貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室的“閉循環(huán)機(jī)制”就是在企業(yè)內(nèi)部形成一個(gè)完整的“創(chuàng)新價(jià)值鏈”。在廣泛開(kāi)展基礎(chǔ)研究的前提下選擇有應(yīng)用前景的技術(shù)，組織團(tuán)隊(duì)攻關(guān)，形成設(shè)計(jì)或產(chǎn)品，交由生產(chǎn)部門生產(chǎn)，由營(yíng)銷部門投放市場(chǎng)，并將市場(chǎng)反應(yīng)及新需求，反饋給基礎(chǔ)研究部，作為再選題的一個(gè)條件，這種在企業(yè)內(nèi)部形成的創(chuàng)新價(jià)值鏈，避免了基礎(chǔ)研究、應(yīng)用研究、生產(chǎn)營(yíng)銷不在同一個(gè)企業(yè)造成的互不配合的狀況，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)企業(yè)價(jià)值增值和核心競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。（圖1）endprint

為促進(jìn)“閉循環(huán)機(jī)制”的順利運(yùn)行，貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室形成了如下保障機(jī)制：

1、信息的循環(huán)流動(dòng)機(jī)制。在實(shí)驗(yàn)室內(nèi)部建立創(chuàng)新信息的循環(huán)流動(dòng)機(jī)制，特別是貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室的建筑設(shè)計(jì)，墻體可以自由移動(dòng)，快速變成各種大小不等的空間，在物理空間上支持信息流通，促進(jìn)基礎(chǔ)研究部門的科學(xué)家和應(yīng)用轉(zhuǎn)化部門的工程師“配對(duì)”和“焊接”。

2、設(shè)立專職“市場(chǎng)工程師”?！笆袌?chǎng)工程師”主要負(fù)責(zé)對(duì)基礎(chǔ)研究成果中有應(yīng)用前景的成果，組織強(qiáng)大的攻關(guān)團(tuán)隊(duì)，進(jìn)行技術(shù)研發(fā)和產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)；負(fù)責(zé)向基礎(chǔ)研究部門反饋市場(chǎng)需求，促進(jìn)研究工作更貼近市場(chǎng)需要?？偠灾?，是把理論方面和應(yīng)用方面的眾多科學(xué)家和工程師組織起來(lái)，縮短科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化周期。

（二）雄厚的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力與壟斷的市場(chǎng)地位。貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室能在企業(yè)內(nèi)部形成完整的創(chuàng)新價(jià)值鏈，還與其雄厚的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力相關(guān)。1925年，at&t公司已在有線及無(wú)線電話領(lǐng)域占領(lǐng)美國(guó)90%的市場(chǎng)。為控制壟斷利潤(rùn)，建立了“研發(fā)經(jīng)費(fèi)與銷售收入掛鉤”機(jī)制，以保證貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室有充足的研發(fā)投入，可以購(gòu)置與研發(fā)相關(guān)的精良設(shè)備，還可以自己研制市場(chǎng)上還沒(méi)有的研發(fā)設(shè)備。1925年實(shí)驗(yàn)室成立時(shí)有3，600人，其中科技人員2，000人，當(dāng)年的經(jīng)費(fèi)預(yù)算1，200萬(wàn)美元；1995年有29，000人，其中科技人員19，000人，年度預(yù)算達(dá)37.18億元。從基礎(chǔ)研究成果的產(chǎn)生，篩選出值得投資的技術(shù)與產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行二次開(kāi)發(fā)，到最后投入生產(chǎn)，批量生產(chǎn)、取得利潤(rùn)，再把利潤(rùn)投入科學(xué)研究中，貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室的創(chuàng)新價(jià)值鏈與資金鏈協(xié)同，形成了一個(gè)良性循環(huán)。更重要的是，基礎(chǔ)研究和前瞻性研究的周期長(zhǎng)、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大、收效慢，“研發(fā)經(jīng)費(fèi)與銷售收入掛鉤”的機(jī)制確保了資金的長(zhǎng)期穩(wěn)定投入。

（三）嚴(yán)格的選拔機(jī)制與寬松的研究氛圍。貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室歷屆總裁都有博士學(xué)位，有幾任總裁獲得過(guò)諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)，在產(chǎn)業(yè)界、學(xué)術(shù)界具有很高的聲望。貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室的招聘制度十分嚴(yán)格，雖然每個(gè)部門永遠(yuǎn)有招人名額，但每年只招收極少的優(yōu)秀人才，初級(jí)人員的重要素質(zhì)包括對(duì)科學(xué)追求的理念和自我驅(qū)動(dòng)的激情。資深專家的招聘根據(jù)其在科技領(lǐng)域的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位決定。貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室在研究選題上，充分尊重個(gè)人的興趣和專長(zhǎng)，既支持與通訊有關(guān)的選題，也支持暫時(shí)還看不到應(yīng)用前景的選題，努力營(yíng)造容忍失敗、鼓勵(lì)創(chuàng)新的研究氛圍。沒(méi)有繁瑣的進(jìn)度檢查或任務(wù)匯報(bào)，只大力強(qiáng)調(diào)獨(dú)立思考，激發(fā)創(chuàng)造性思維。寬松的研究氛圍為貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室的高質(zhì)量產(chǎn)出創(chuàng)造了良好的生態(tài)環(huán)境。

20世紀(jì)80年代以后，貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室日漸式微，有市場(chǎng)環(huán)境、政府政策、企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略等多方面的原因，本文主要從創(chuàng)新價(jià)值鏈的視角進(jìn)行分析：

（一）創(chuàng)新鏈的斷裂。創(chuàng)新價(jià)值鏈的形成與產(chǎn)業(yè)周期、企業(yè)規(guī)模與經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力等息息相關(guān)。20世紀(jì)90年代以后，at&t公司本有兩次大的發(fā)展機(jī)遇，第一次是2000年前后的網(wǎng)絡(luò)革命，第二次是90年代中期延續(xù)至今的無(wú)線通信時(shí)代。作為最早投入大量人力物力研發(fā)“隨時(shí)可以帶在身邊的電話”的貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室，因錯(cuò)誤地預(yù)判這種電話的市場(chǎng)有限而出售了一系列相關(guān)技術(shù)的專利權(quán)。當(dāng)世界范圍內(nèi)的無(wú)線通訊迅猛發(fā)展起來(lái)后，at&t公司才不得不在1994年出巨資114億美元購(gòu)買麥克考移動(dòng)電話公司開(kāi)始無(wú)線電話業(yè)務(wù)。貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室與無(wú)線通訊市場(chǎng)份額失之交臂，再一次說(shuō)明發(fā)明創(chuàng)造并不直接等同于價(jià)值增值，促進(jìn)成果轉(zhuǎn)化及產(chǎn)業(yè)化，要注重技術(shù)推動(dòng)與市場(chǎng)拉動(dòng)相結(jié)合，更要注重創(chuàng)新價(jià)值鏈上創(chuàng)造、轉(zhuǎn)化、商品化的環(huán)環(huán)相扣，以適應(yīng)瞬息萬(wàn)變的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。

（二）產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的錯(cuò)位。20世紀(jì)80年代以后，貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室面臨著完全不同的市場(chǎng)環(huán)境，不僅受到互聯(lián)網(wǎng)迅猛發(fā)展的影響，更有來(lái)自無(wú)線終端、智能手機(jī)及各種應(yīng)用對(duì)母公司傳統(tǒng)電話業(yè)務(wù)的沖擊。對(duì)壟斷企業(yè)的政府規(guī)制更引發(fā)了實(shí)驗(yàn)室經(jīng)濟(jì)來(lái)源的不穩(wěn)定，原本按照產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈部署創(chuàng)新鏈，注重基礎(chǔ)與前瞻研究，打亂了自身的節(jié)奏，2008年以后完全放棄擅長(zhǎng)的基礎(chǔ)物理的研究，而是將有限的資源投向網(wǎng)絡(luò)、高速電子、無(wú)線電、納米技術(shù)、軟件等，追隨市場(chǎng)熱點(diǎn)，反而適得其反。

（三）資金鏈的短缺。at&t公司自從1984年因反壟斷原因被拆分后，又幾易其主，以基礎(chǔ)研究、系統(tǒng)工程和應(yīng)用開(kāi)發(fā)見(jiàn)長(zhǎng)的貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室，因需要大量研發(fā)投入、產(chǎn)出較慢，并不是華爾街公司評(píng)級(jí)上的加分項(xiàng)目。20世紀(jì)90年代以后，主要從事設(shè)備生產(chǎn)的朗訊科技又面臨來(lái)自發(fā)展中國(guó)家設(shè)備商諸如華為、中興的價(jià)格挑戰(zhàn)，營(yíng)業(yè)利潤(rùn)急劇下降并且長(zhǎng)期赤字，無(wú)力維持貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室所從事的中長(zhǎng)期基礎(chǔ)與前瞻研究。在沒(méi)有了巨額壟斷利潤(rùn)，市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激勵(lì)、不斷趨于平均利潤(rùn)的新時(shí)代，僅憑企業(yè)一己之力進(jìn)行全創(chuàng)新價(jià)值鏈的構(gòu)建，越來(lái)越不適應(yīng)時(shí)代的發(fā)展。

貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室的“黃金時(shí)代”一去不復(fù)返，我們的時(shí)代是否還需要這種大型的研究院所，如何建設(shè)我們國(guó)家的實(shí)驗(yàn)室體系，是如今我們需要思考的問(wèn)題。

（一）鼓勵(lì)有條件的企業(yè)建設(shè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室。科技部《國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室2014年度報(bào)告》顯示，截至2014年底，正在運(yùn)行的國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室共有258個(gè)，試點(diǎn)國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室6個(gè)，主要分布在教育部和中國(guó)科學(xué)院，占82.2%，其他部門和地方占17.8%。我國(guó)主要鼓勵(lì)企業(yè)建設(shè)國(guó)家工程技術(shù)研究中心，充分發(fā)揮其在工程化研究開(kāi)發(fā)，科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化方面的作用，截至2014年底，共有67個(gè)國(guó)家工程技術(shù)研究中心，數(shù)量偏少。按照上述資助思路，高等院校、科研院所主要從事基礎(chǔ)研究，企業(yè)主要從事工程化研究開(kāi)發(fā)，人為地在創(chuàng)新價(jià)值鏈上割裂開(kāi)來(lái)，并不利于我國(guó)的科技創(chuàng)新與成果轉(zhuǎn)化。鼓勵(lì)有條件的大中型企業(yè)建立實(shí)驗(yàn)室，開(kāi)展面向產(chǎn)業(yè)需求、市場(chǎng)需求的基礎(chǔ)研究，也使中國(guó)的前瞻性基礎(chǔ)研究和應(yīng)用研究更加適應(yīng)未來(lái)產(chǎn)業(yè)創(chuàng)新的需求，提升中國(guó)企業(yè)的核心競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。

（二）政府與企業(yè)合作建設(shè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室。正如上文分析，如今的創(chuàng)新時(shí)代，市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)愈來(lái)愈激烈，創(chuàng)新型企業(yè)很難再獲得壟斷利潤(rùn)和超額利潤(rùn)，企業(yè)利潤(rùn)不斷地趨于市場(chǎng)平均利潤(rùn)，僅憑企業(yè)一己之力進(jìn)行全創(chuàng)新價(jià)值鏈的構(gòu)建，已經(jīng)不適應(yīng)時(shí)代的要求?，F(xiàn)代的創(chuàng)新價(jià)值鏈?zhǔn)墙⒃诙嘣黧w上，高等院校、科研院所，以及企業(yè)形成協(xié)同創(chuàng)新，形成政府、企業(yè)、社會(huì)多元投入機(jī)制。高等院校和科研院所應(yīng)明確自己在創(chuàng)新價(jià)值鏈上的位置和增值潛力，盡可能與創(chuàng)新鏈其他環(huán)節(jié)加強(qiáng)銜接，使自己的研究成果盡快實(shí)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)化。而企業(yè)特別是大型企業(yè)更貼近市場(chǎng)、更具有信息優(yōu)勢(shì)，因此企業(yè)應(yīng)明確自己在創(chuàng)新鏈上的地位和作用，主動(dòng)與高等院所和科研院所實(shí)現(xiàn)有效對(duì)接，加強(qiáng)面向產(chǎn)業(yè)需求、市場(chǎng)需求的研究，提高創(chuàng)新效益。

（三）創(chuàng)新實(shí)驗(yàn)室管理機(jī)制。在實(shí)驗(yàn)室的管理上，應(yīng)借鑒貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)，實(shí)行嚴(yán)格的人才引進(jìn)與選拔機(jī)制，建立實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究人員有序的流進(jìn)流出機(jī)制，以充實(shí)和優(yōu)化研究隊(duì)伍。既要重視科研人員，也要打造專職“市場(chǎng)工程師”，做好基礎(chǔ)研究的科學(xué)家與成果轉(zhuǎn)化的工程師之間“配對(duì)”和“焊接”的工作。營(yíng)造良好寬松的研究氛圍，充分尊重個(gè)人的興趣和專長(zhǎng)，既支持與主營(yíng)相關(guān)的研發(fā)，也支持暫時(shí)還看不到應(yīng)用前景的選題，注重創(chuàng)新價(jià)值鏈上的前瞻布局，努力營(yíng)造容忍失敗、鼓勵(lì)創(chuàng)新的研究氛圍。

主要參考文獻(xiàn)：

[1]吳磊.貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室今何在[j].it經(jīng)理世界，2013.9.

[2]張曉林，吳育華.創(chuàng)新價(jià)值鏈及其有效運(yùn)作的機(jī)制分析[j].大連理工大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)（社會(huì)科學(xué)版），2005.3.

[3]蔣景華.貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室創(chuàng)新經(jīng)驗(yàn)的啟迪[j].實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù)與管理，2010.27.3.

[4]趙大慶，楊鋒.由貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室論及科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化的機(jī)制和模式[j].科技導(dǎo)報(bào)，nt

最新sp小貝協(xié)議書匯總?cè)?/h3>

lady and genlenmen:

welcome to hunlunbeier grassland! first of all, id like to tell you why people call this bdautiful grassland hulunbeier grassland. there is a moving legend behind it. a long, long time ago there lived a couple of lovers on the grassland. the girl was a hu lun. the boy was bei er. one day a demon chief called mang gusi abducted hulun and dried up the grassland. the grass withered and yellowed and domestic animals died one after order to save the grassland and hu lun, beier traved a great distance on foot, chasing after mang gasi day and night. finally, he fainted from exhaustion. in his weakened state, he dreamt that the demon chief had magically turned hu lu,bei er traveled a great distance on foot, chasing after mang gasi day and night. finally, he fainted from his weakened state, he dreamt that the demon chief had magically turned hu lun into a flower which was and suffering from the windy dream in front of him. he immediately watered the flower and broke the spell. hu lun changed back into her former self. but the demon chief would not give up. he immediately watered the flower and broke the spell. hu lun changed back in to her former self. but the demon chief would not give up. he seized hu lun and took her away again. hu lun racked her brain for a way to escape. she succeeded in getting hold of the magic pearl on the demon chief`s head. on swallowing the pearl hu lun turned into a lake. in the meantime beier had killed all of the other demons, but failed to find hu lun. heartbroken, bei er jumped in to a lake to kill of a sudden the earth split open and formed two lakes, hu lun lake and bei er lake, with the wilson river closely connecting them. later,people living on the grassland named the land hulunbeier grassland in momory of them.

hulunbeier covers an area of 250.557 square kilometers,with a totel population of 2.66 million. the mongolian natiality is the dominant ethic group, and 35 other nationlities,such as dawoer, ewenke, elunchun, han, manchu, russian, etc. live in harmony with them on the grassland. hunlunbeier is called green and clean land because it is relatively free of pollution.

(entering the grassland)

now were setting foot on hunlunbeier grassland. all of us have escaped from the city and its clamour and entered a place like a dreamland,look! the grassland looks like asoft, green cerpet, nowyou can enjoy the beautiful scenery in the distance; numeros kinds of wild flowers are in bloom, and wisps of smoke are rising continuously from the yurta scattered on the grassland. when the gentle breeze brushes against the grass, herds of horses and cattle and flock of sheep seem to be drifting from here ro there. what a beautiful picture!

(visiting a yurt)

this is the yurt we saw from the bus just now. look!the host and his family have come out of the to greet us. of couse, this is not an arranged reception, to be sure. but before we enter the yurt, idlike to make a brief introduction on the folk costoms here. no matter which yurt you happen to visit, you will finethat on hesring your footsteps the mongolian people will extend a warm welcome outsite the yurt, to do justice to their reputed hospitality. when greeting you, they will put their hands against their chests and bow slightly. with a how do you do, they invite their guestsin. male guests are invited to sit on the left and female on the right, while host sits in midle. the moment you take your seats, your host will have milk tea and various kinds of milk products pleaced in front of you. after a white, you will most probably probabyly be asked to help yourself to a special course called shouba lamd. as a way of showing respct to his distinguished guest, your hast will prsent you with a hada( a piece of silk used as a greeting gift), together with a cup of lacal wine. mongolians are well known for theirtalent in singing and beautiful songs are as entertaining and pleasant as the blue sky, white clouds, greengrass and fresh flowers, in folk culture, there is a saying that a feast is not a true feast without the company of songs. every person in the grassland, man or woman, old or young, can sing folk songs. when proposing toasts to their guests, they will show their hospitality by singing folksongs and playing special fiddles. the mongolian people have lived on the vast grassland for a long time, and they have refined their talent for sing and dancing. you can not only please your eyes with their traditional ethnic dancing but also with their mondern ones featuring merry rhythms and vigorous let`s enter the yurt and take advantage of this opportunity to be guests in a mongolian herdsman`s home.

(stepping out of the yurt)

under the blue sky and white clouds, you will see a vivid picture of flocks of sheep and herds of cattle, galloping horses and skillful herdsen on horseback brandishing horsewhips. do you want to go for a ride ? if you are skilled at riding, why not ride a mongolian horse for a while or wander about on camelback?if you are afraid of riding horses or camels,never mind. you still can enjoy the nomandic life by taking a special mongolian vehicle called a lele.

(briefing on the physique of mongolians)

now you have had a look at the grassland with your own eyes, but did you noticed that the mongolian girls are graceful,elegant and vigorous, and the young fellow are robust, heroic and muscular? it is said that this has much to do with their life styles which are connected with horse sports,running and r,the important role played by milk tea and milk products in developing their muscles and bones canot be underestimated.

(briefing on the dietary habit of mongolians)

lets start with milk tea,the host minces the tea and put it in a kettle to boil it. when the kettle starts boiling with a gurgling sound, the host pours the fresh milk into it. thus the herdsman coming in from a snowstorm will warm up immediately after having such a cup of milk tea. a bowl of milk tea, stir-fried rice, several piece of a dry milk product and some lamb is regarded as a delicious meal by the ordinary mongolian herdsman. milk products include the skin of boiled milk, milk curd, milk wine, cheese, butter and so on. the formal meal may be served with meat and a flour-base product.

while you are here on the grassland, it will be a great pity if you do not try shouba lamb(boil meat which is eaten using a knife and your hands).the lamb is first cut into big slices and then put into boiling water to it is half done, you cut it into smaller pieces with the mongolian knife and eat it. themongolian people think that half-done meat contains more nutrients.

(briefing on mongolian clothing)

the mongolian robe is unique to this ethnic group. the robe is often matched with a belt and head its high collar and long sleeves, the robe protects people from mosquitoes. the middle part of the robe is made loose for the convenience of riding horses and is long enough to keep the knees warm. you can find all kinds of clothes here today, but the robe is the cultural heritage of the mongolians and has become a symbol of their national conscience and identity.

(briefing on mongolian yurta)

you can see mongolian yurta here and there on do you know the history and structure of the mongolian yurta?according to the historical records of the xiongnu,an ancient ethnic group, their ancestors lived in the northland long ago. their living quarters were called yurta. in this sense mongolians, as a ethnic group, can date to 4,000 years ago. so the mongolian yurta are a symbol of the history of this ethnic group. now let`s talk about the construction of a yurt are a symbol of the history of this ethnic group, now let`s talk about the construction of a yurt. herdsmen first build a round foundation with pieces of stones, then they set up the structure with wodden wods and beams linked together with wollen or fur ropes,lastly, they cover the structure with animal skins or felt ceiling of the yurt is round. with such a structure, the yurt can withstand snowstorms and heavy rainfalls. the door of the yurt is small and down to the ground. the yurt can be easily moved and this is suitable for nomadic accounts for the reason why the structure of the yurt remains unchanged till today. if the mongolian yurt is seen as the home of the herdsmen, then the lelecarts can be viewed as their mobile homes. lelecarts move slowly with big noise. it is hard to tell when the history of lelecarts began. all the carts are made of birch, so they will reain in good condition even in wet weather. the wheels of the carts are tall and can easily roll across the uneven roads, lush bushes, thick snow and marshes. lelecarts are indispensable for herdsmen when they move cross snow-covered areas.

(briefing on mongolian festivals)

there are a lot of mogolian festivals held every year on the grassland, but the most famous one is nadam,the carnival the grassland. nadamin the mongolian language means recreation or entertainment. when it comes, there will be a lot of performances,such as horse racing, wrestling, archery and some other special ethnic performances. the nadam fair is a time-honored festival and was known world wide for 700years, nowadays the nadam fair is often held during the harvest season of the grassland, either in june or that period, herdsmen often take the opportunity to sell domestic animals and livestock products and purchasse daily necessilties and livelihood-related goods.

acturally, the herdsmen have few chances to get together on such a vast grassland, so nadam also plays the role of a big trade fair for them, when we talk about nadam, we should also talk about offering sacrifice at in mogolian means a pile of rocks or earth. on the vast and endless grassland, it is hard to tell directions, so people thought of pilling rocks or earth to mark them, in its long historical development aobao has become the shrine to offer scrifices to the god of the mountain and the god of the the sacrifice offering ceremony,people insert tree branches into the aobao and put pieces of colorful cloth or paper flags with written scripture on the branches there are four types of memorial ceremonies, namely blood,wine,fire and jade. no matter what type it is, a lama will be invited to butn incenses, chant scriptures and pray for the blessing of the people and their livestock. participants will walk around the aobao clockwise three the ceremony, the herdmen will not only enjoy horse races,wrestling and archery, but also singing, dancing and drinking to their heart`s content. around that time, young lovers will probably leave the crowd to be in a world of their own.

dear,distinguished guests,after this tour of this grassland i believe you must have a general idea of how the mongolian pelple live here and may een feel reluctant to leave the beautiful hulunbeier grassland. i belive the grassland and its people enjoyed your visit as much as you did and look forward to your next one.

ladies and gentlemen,i hope to have another chance to meet you again on this very land, the hulunbeier grassland. goodbye and good luck.

最新sp小貝協(xié)議書匯總四

lady and genlenmen:

welcome to hunlunbeier grassland! first of all, id like to tell you why people call this bdautiful grassland hulunbeier grassland. there is a moving legend behind it. a long, long time ago there lived a couple of lovers on the grassland. the girl was a hu lun. the boy was bei er. one day a demon chief called mang gusi abducted hulun and dried up the grassland. the grass withered and yellowed and domestic animals died one after order to save the grassland and hu lun, beier traved a great distance on foot, chasing after mang gasi day and night. finally, he fainted from exhaustion. in his weakened state, he dreamt that the demon chief had magically turned hu lu,bei er traveled a great distance on foot, chasing after mang gasi day and night. finally, he fainted from his weakened state, he dreamt that the demon chief had magically turned hu lun into a flower which was and suffering from the windy dream in front of him. he immediately watered the flower and broke the spell. hu lun changed back into her former self. but the demon chief would not give up. he immediately watered the flower and broke the spell. hu lun changed back in to her former self. but the demon chief would not give up. he seized hu lun and took her away again. hu lun racked her brain for a way to escape. she succeeded in getting hold of the magic pearl on the demon chief`s head. on swallowing the pearl hu lun turned into a lake. in the meantime beier had killed all of the other demons, but failed to find hu lun. heartbroken, bei er jumped in to a lake to kill of a sudden the earth split open and formed two lakes, hu lun lake and bei er lake, with the wilson river closely connecting them. later,people living on the grassland named the land hulunbeier grassland in momory of them.

hulunbeier covers an area of 250.557 square kilometers,with a totel population of 2.66 million. the mongolian natiality is the dominant ethic group, and 35 other nationlities,such as dawoer, ewenke, elunchun, han, manchu, russian, etc. live in harmony with them on the grassland. hunlunbeier is called green and clean land because it is relatively free of pollution.

(entering the grassland)

now were setting foot on hunlunbeier grassland. all of us have escaped from the city and its clamour and entered a place like a dreamland,look! the grassland looks like asoft, green cerpet, nowyou can enjoy the beautiful scenery in the distance; numeros kinds of wild flowers are in bloom, and wisps of smoke are rising continuously from the yurta scattered on the grassland. when the gentle breeze brushes against the grass, herds of horses and cattle and flock of sheep seem to be drifting from here ro there. what a beautiful picture!

(visiting a yurt)

this is the yurt we saw from the bus just now. look!the host and his family have come out of the to greet us. of couse, this is not an arranged reception, to be sure. but before we enter the yurt, idlike to make a brief introduction on the folk costoms here. no matter which yurt you happen to visit, you will finethat on hesring your footsteps the mongolian people will extend a warm welcome outsite the yurt, to do justice to their reputed hospitality. when greeting you, they will put their hands against their chests and bow slightly. with a how do you do, they invite their guestsin. male guests are invited to sit on the left and female on the right, while host sits in midle. the moment you take your seats, your host will have milk tea and various kinds of milk products pleaced in front of you. after a white, you will most probably probabyly be asked to help yourself to a special course called shouba lamd. as a way of showing respct to his distinguished guest, your hast will prsent you with a hada( a piece of silk used as a greeting gift), together with a cup of lacal wine. mongolians are well known for theirtalent in singing and beautiful songs are as entertaining and pleasant as the blue sky, white clouds, greengrass and fresh flowers, in folk culture, there is a saying that a feast is not a true feast without the company of songs. every person in the grassland, man or woman, old or young, can sing folk songs. when proposing toasts to their guests, they will show their hospitality by singing folksongs and playing special fiddles. the mongolian people have lived on the vast grassland for a long time, and they have refined their talent for sing and dancing. you can not only please your eyes with their traditional ethnic dancing but also with their mondern ones featuring merry rhythms and vigorous let`s enter the yurt and take advantage of this opportunity to be guests in a mongolian herdsman`s home.

(stepping out of the yurt)

under the blue sky and white clouds, you will see a vivid picture of flocks of sheep and herds of cattle, galloping horses and skillful herdsen on horseback brandishing horsewhips. do you want to go for a ride ? if you are skilled at riding, why not ride a mongolian horse for a while or wander about on camelback?if you are afraid of riding horses or camels,never mind. you still can enjoy the nomandic life by taking a special mongolian vehicle called a lele.

(briefing on the physique of mongolians)

now you have had a look at the grassland with your own eyes, but did you noticed that the mongolian girls are graceful,elegant and vigorous, and the young fellow are robust, heroic and muscular? it is said that this has much to do with their life styles which are connected with horse sports,running and r,the important role played by milk tea and milk products in developing their muscles and bones canot be underestimated.

(briefing on the dietary habit of mongolians)

lets start with milk tea,the host minces the tea and put it in a kettle to boil it. when the kettle starts boiling with a gurgling sound, the host pours the fresh milk into it. thus the herdsman coming in from a snowstorm will warm up immediately after having such a cup of milk tea. a bowl of milk tea, stir-fried rice, several piece of a dry milk product and some lamb is regarded as a delicious meal by the ordinary mongolian herdsman. milk products include the skin of boiled milk, milk curd, milk wine, cheese, butter and so on. the formal meal may be served with meat and a flour-base product.

while you are here on the grassland, it will be a great pity if you do not try shouba lamb(boil meat which is eaten using a knife and your hands).the lamb is first cut into big slices and then put into boiling water to it is half done, you cut it into smaller pieces with the mongolian knife and eat it. themongolian people think that half-done meat contains more nutrients.

(briefing on mongolian clothing)

the mongolian robe is unique to this ethnic group. the robe is often matched with a belt and head its high collar and long sleeves, the robe protects people from mosquitoes. the middle part of the robe is made loose for the convenience of riding horses and is long enough to keep the knees warm. you can find all kinds of clothes here today, but the robe is the cultural heritage of the mongolians and has become a symbol of their national conscience and identity.

(briefing on mongolian yurta)

you can see mongolian yurta here and there on do you know the history and structure of the mongolian yurta?according to the historical records of the xiongnu,an ancient ethnic group, their ancestors lived in the northland long ago. their living quarters were called yurta. in this sense mongolians, as a ethnic group, can date to 4,000 years ago. so the mongolian yurta are a symbol of the history of this ethnic group. now let`s talk about the construction of a yurt are a symbol of the history of this ethnic group, now let`s talk about the construction of a yurt. herdsmen first build a round foundation with pieces of stones, then they set up the structure with wodden wods and beams linked together with wollen or fur ropes,lastly, they cover the structure with animal skins or felt ceiling of the yurt is round. with such a structure, the yurt can withstand snowstorms and heavy rainfalls. the door of the yurt is small and down to the ground. the yurt can be easily moved and this is suitable for nomadic accounts for the reason why the structure of the yurt remains unchanged till today. if the mongolian yurt is seen as the home of the herdsmen, then the lelecarts can be viewed as their mobile homes. lelecarts move slowly with big noise. it is hard to tell when the history of lelecarts began. all the carts are made of birch, so they will reain in good condition even in wet weather. the wheels of the carts are tall and can easily roll across the uneven roads, lush bushes, thick snow and marshes. lelecarts are indispensable for herdsmen when they move cross snow-covered areas.

(briefing on mongolian festivals)

there are a lot of mogolian festivals held every year on the grassland, but the most famous one is nadam,the carnival the grassland. nadamin the mongolian language means recreation or entertainment. when it comes, there will be a lot of performances,such as horse racing, wrestling, archery and some other special ethnic performances. the nadam fair is a time-honored festival and was known world wide for 700years, nowadays the nadam fair is often held during the harvest season of the grassland, either in june or that period, herdsmen often take the opportunity to sell domestic animals and livestock products and purchasse daily necessilties and livelihood-related goods.

acturally, the herdsmen have few chances to get together on such a vast grassland, so nadam also plays the role of a big trade fair for them, when we talk about nadam, we should also talk about offering sacrifice at in mogolian means a pile of rocks or earth. on the vast and endless grassland, it is hard to tell directions, so people thought of pilling rocks or earth to mark them, in its long historical development aobao has become the shrine to offer scrifices to the god of the mountain and the god of the the sacrifice offering ceremony,people insert tree branches into the aobao and put pieces of colorful cloth or paper flags with written scripture on the branches there are four types of memorial ceremonies, namely blood,wine,fire and jade. no matter what type it is, a lama will be invited to butn incenses, chant scriptures and pray for the blessing of the people and their livestock. participants will walk around the aobao clockwise three the ceremony, the herdmen will not only enjoy horse races,wrestling and archery, but also singing, dancing and drinking to their heart`s content. around that time, young lovers will probably leave the crowd to be in a world of their own.

dear,distinguished guests,after this tour of this grassland i believe you must have a general idea of how the mongolian pelple live here and may een feel reluctant to leave the beautiful hulunbeier grassland. i belive the grassland and its people enjoyed your visit as much as you did and look forward to your next one.

ladies and gentlemen,i hope to have another chance to meet you again on this very land, the hulunbeier grassland. goodbye and good luck.

最新sp小貝協(xié)議書匯總五

lady and genlenmen:

welcome to hunlunbeier grassland! first of all, id like to tell you why people call this bdautiful grassland hulunbeier grassland. there is a moving legend behind it. a long, long time ago there lived a couple of lovers on the grassland. the girl was a hu lun. the boy was bei er. one day a demon chief called mang gusi abducted hulun and dried up the grassland. the grass withered and yellowed and domestic animals died one after order to save the grassland and hu lun, beier traved a great distance on foot, chasing after mang gasi day and night. finally, he fainted from exhaustion. in his weakened state, he dreamt that the demon chief had magically turned hu lu,bei er traveled a great distance on foot, chasing after mang gasi day and night. finally, he fainted from his weakened state, he dreamt that the demon chief had magically turned hu lun into a flower which was and suffering from the windy dream in front of him. he immediately watered the flower and broke the spell. hu lun changed back into her former self. but the demon chief would not give up. he immediately watered the flower and broke the spell. hu lun changed back in to her former self. but the demon chief would not give up. he seized hu lun and took her away again. hu lun racked her brain for a way to escape. she succeeded in getting hold of the magic pearl on the demon chief`s head. on swallowing the pearl hu lun turned into a lake. in the meantime beier had killed all of the other demons, but failed to find hu lun. heartbroken, bei er jumped in to a lake to kill of a sudden the earth split open and formed two lakes, hu lun lake and bei er lake, with the wilson river closely connecting them. later,people living on the grassland named the land hulunbeier grassland in momory of them.

hulunbeier covers an area of 250.557 square kilometers,with a totel population of 2.66 million. the mongolian natiality is the dominant ethic group, and 35 other nationlities,such as dawoer, ewenke, elunchun, han, manchu, russian, etc. live in harmony with them on the grassland. hunlunbeier is called green and clean land because it is relatively free of pollution.

(entering the grassland)

now were setting foot on hunlunbeier grassland. all of us have escaped from the city and its clamour and entered a place like a dreamland,look! the grassland looks like asoft, green cerpet, nowyou can enjoy the beautiful scenery in the distance; numeros kinds of wild flowers are in bloom, and wisps of smoke are rising continuously from the yurta scattered on the grassland. when the gentle breeze brushes against the grass, herds of horses and cattle and flock of sheep seem to be drifting from here ro there. what a beautiful picture!

(visiting a yurt)

this is the yurt we saw from the bus just now. look!the host and his family have come out of the to greet us. of couse, this is not an arranged reception, to be sure. but before we enter the yurt, idlike to make a brief introduction on the folk costoms here. no matter which yurt you happen to visit, you will finethat on hesring your footsteps the mongolian people will extend a warm welcome outsite the yurt, to do justice to their reputed hospitality. when greeting you, they will put their hands against their chests and bow slightly. with a how do you do, they invite their guestsin. male guests are invited to sit on the left and female on the right, while host sits in midle. the moment you take your seats, your host will have milk tea and various kinds of milk products pleaced in front of you. after a white, you will most probably probabyly be asked to help yourself to a special course called shouba lamd. as a way of showing respct to his distinguished guest, your hast will prsent you with a hada( a piece of silk used as a greeting gift), together with a cup of lacal wine. mongolians are well known for theirtalent in singing and beautiful songs are as entertaining and pleasant as the blue sky, white clouds, greengrass and fresh flowers, in folk culture, there is a saying that a feast is not a true feast without the company of songs. every person in the grassland, man or woman, old or young, can sing folk songs. when proposing toasts to their guests, they will show their hospitality by singing folksongs and playing special fiddles. the mongolian people have lived on the vast grassland for a long time, and they have refined their talent for sing and dancing. you can not only please your eyes with their traditional ethnic dancing but also with their mondern ones featuring merry rhythms and vigorous let`s enter the yurt and take advantage of this opportunity to be guests in a mongolian herdsman`s home.

(stepping out of the yurt)

under the blue sky and white clouds, you will see a vivid picture of flocks of sheep and herds of cattle, galloping horses and skillful herdsen on horseback brandishing horsewhips. do you want to go for a ride ? if you are skilled at riding, why not ride a mongolian horse for a while or wander about on camelback?if you are afraid of riding horses or camels,never mind. you still can enjoy the nomandic life by taking a special mongolian vehicle called a lele.

(briefing on the physique of mongolians)

now you have had a look at the grassland with your own eyes, but did you noticed that the mongolian girls are graceful,elegant and vigorous, and the young fellow are robust, heroic and muscular? it is said that this has much to do with their life styles which are connected with horse sports,running and r,the important role played by milk tea and milk products in developing their muscles and bones canot be underestimated.

(briefing on the dietary habit of mongolians)

lets start with milk tea,the host minces the tea and put it in a kettle to boil it. when the kettle starts boiling with a gurgling sound, the host pours the fresh milk into it. thus the herdsman coming in from a snowstorm will warm up immediately after having such a cup of milk tea. a bowl of milk tea, stir-fried rice, several piece of a dry milk product and some lamb is regarded as a delicious meal by the ordinary mongolian herdsman. milk products include the skin of boiled milk, milk curd, milk wine, cheese, butter and so on. the formal meal may be served with meat and a flour-base product.

while you are here on the grassland, it will be a great pity if you do not try shouba lamb(boil meat which is eaten using a knife and your hands).the lamb is first cut into big slices and then put into boiling water to it is half done, you cut it into smaller pieces with the mongolian knife and eat it. themongolian people think that half-done meat contains more nutrients.

(briefing on mongolian clothing)

the mongolian robe is unique to this ethnic group. the robe is often matched with a belt and head its high collar and long sleeves, the robe protects people from mosquitoes. the middle part of the robe is made loose for the convenience of riding horses and is long enough to keep the knees warm. you can find all kinds of clothes here today, but the robe is the cultural heritage of the mongolians and has become a symbol of their national conscience and identity.

(briefing on mongolian yurta)

you can see mongolian yurta here and there on do you know the history and structure of the mongolian yurta?according to the historical records of the xiongnu,an ancient ethnic group, their ancestors lived in the northland long ago. their living quarters were called yurta. in this sense mongolians, as a ethnic group, can date to 4,000 years ago. so the mongolian yurta are a symbol of the history of this ethnic group. now let`s talk about the construction of a yurt are a symbol of the history of this ethnic group, now let`s talk about the construction of a yurt. herdsmen first build a round foundation with pieces of stones, then they set up the structure with wodden wods and beams linked together with wollen or fur ropes,lastly, they cover the structure with animal skins or felt ceiling of the yurt is round. with such a structure, the yurt can withstand snowstorms and heavy rainfalls. the door of the yurt is small and down to the ground. the yurt can be easily moved and this is suitable for nomadic accounts for the reason why the structure of the yurt remains unchanged till today. if the mongolian yurt is seen as the home of the herdsmen, then the lelecarts can be viewed as their mobile homes. lelecarts move slowly with big noise. it is hard to tell when the history of lelecarts began. all the carts are made of birch, so they will reain in good condition even in wet weather. the wheels of the carts are tall and can easily roll across the uneven roads, lush bushes, thick snow and marshes. lelecarts are indispensable for herdsmen when they move cross snow-covered areas.

(briefing on mongolian festivals)

there are a lot of mogolian festivals held every year on the grassland, but the most famous one is nadam,the carnival the grassland. nadamin the mongolian language means recreation or entertainment. when it comes, there will be a lot of performances,such as horse racing, wrestling, archery and some other special ethnic performances. the nadam fair is a time-honored festival and was known world wide for 700years, nowadays the nadam fair is often held during the harvest season of the grassland, either in june or that period, herdsmen often take the opportunity to sell domestic animals and livestock products and purchasse daily necessilties and livelihood-related goods.

acturally, the herdsmen have few chances to get together on such a vast grassland, so nadam also plays the role of a big trade fair for them, when we talk about nadam, we should also talk about offering sacrifice at in mogolian means a pile of rocks or earth. on the vast and endless grassland, it is hard to tell directions, so people thought of pilling rocks or earth to mark them, in its long historical development aobao has become the shrine to offer scrifices to the god of the mountain and the god of the the sacrifice offering ceremony,people insert tree branches into the aobao and put pieces of colorful cloth or paper flags with written scripture on the branches there are four types of memorial ceremonies, namely blood,wine,fire and jade. no matter what type it is, a lama will be invited to butn incenses, chant scriptures and pray for the blessing of the people and their livestock. participants will walk around the aobao clockwise three the ceremony, the herdmen will not only enjoy horse races,wrestling and archery, but also singing, dancing and drinking to their heart`s content. around that time, young lovers will probably leave the crowd to be in a world of their own.

dear,distinguished guests,after this tour of this grassland i believe you must have a general idea of how the mongolian pelple live here and may een feel reluctant to leave the beautiful hulunbeier grassland. i belive the grassland and its people enjoyed your visit as much as you did and look forward to your next one.

ladies and gentlemen,i hope to have another chance to meet you again on this very land, the hulunbeier grassland. goodbye and good luck.