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當(dāng)在某些事情上我們有很深的體會(huì)時(shí),就很有必要寫一篇心得體會(huì),通過寫心得體會(huì),可以幫助我們總結(jié)積累經(jīng)驗(yàn)。那么心得體會(huì)怎么寫才恰當(dāng)呢?下面小編給大家?guī)黻P(guān)于學(xué)習(xí)心得體會(huì)范文,希望會(huì)對(duì)大家的工作與學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助。
描寫北京研學(xué)旅行心得體會(huì)如何寫一
你們好!
歡迎來到“世界遺產(chǎn)”之北京故宮,我是來自河北的袁導(dǎo)游,下面我就帶大家去細(xì)細(xì)游賞一番吧。
中國明清兩代的皇宮,又稱紫禁城,地點(diǎn)位于北京城中心。開始建造與明永樂四年至十八年,也就是現(xiàn)在說的1406年至1420年,后來經(jīng)過多個(gè)朝代的勞動(dòng)人民細(xì)心修改,變成富麗堂皇,但仍保持著原來的布局和規(guī)模,是世界上保存的最完整、規(guī)模最大的古代木構(gòu)架宮殿建筑群。
我們說完了北京故宮的歷史,現(xiàn)在該說說外觀和排列順序了吧!
這座城設(shè)四個(gè)門,南門正中面是午門、北邊是神武門、東為東華門、西為西華門,四門各建有重檐廡殿頂門樓。這座城的四個(gè)角都還布有一些結(jié)構(gòu)精巧、外觀秀麗的角樓。外面的墻有10米多高呢!還有護(hù)城河寬52米,夠?qū)挼陌?長3800米,整個(gè)建筑群按南北中間的中軸線為對(duì)稱布局,層次分明,主次有序。
聽完了一以上那些,你應(yīng)該對(duì)北京故宮有些了解了吧!可能你還不知道吧,連皇帝的住所都是那么井井有條!
文化殿,武英殿是面闊九間的但檐歇山頂建筑。文化殿是皇帝聽大臣講書的地方,武英殿是皇帝吃飯、居住和召見大臣的地方。后三宮、東西六宮和乾清宮和坤寧宮通直御花園。坤寧宮和乾清宮是內(nèi)廷的正殿、正寢,是皇帝、太后和皇后的正式居住場所,平均面積寬九間,為重檐廡殿頂。
前三殿是全宮最大的建筑群,占地面積有達(dá)8.5萬平方米,是宮城的12%,后三宮則為前三殿的25%,期于宮殿依次遞減,主要突出前三殿、后三宮的主要地位。1961年定位中國第一批全國重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位,已被聯(lián)合國教科文組織列為世界文化遺產(chǎn)。
描寫北京研學(xué)旅行心得體會(huì)如何寫二
大家都知道,清華大學(xué)是一所著名大學(xué),如果我要問你,清華大學(xué)的歷史,你應(yīng)該就說不出來了吧。那好,我現(xiàn)在就告訴你。
1920_年,農(nóng)歷六月初四,成立游美學(xué)務(wù)處,總辦周自齊。1920_年,農(nóng)歷四月初一,清華學(xué)堂開學(xué)。
清華大學(xué)的創(chuàng)建時(shí)期
清華大學(xué)的前身是清華學(xué)堂,始建于1920_年,當(dāng)時(shí)是由美國“退還”的部分“庚子賠款”建立的留美預(yù)備學(xué)校。1920_年,清華學(xué)堂更名為清華學(xué)校。1920_年設(shè)立大學(xué)部,開始招收四年制大學(xué)生,并開設(shè)國學(xué)研究院。1920_年更名為“國立清華大學(xué)”,擁有文、法、理、工等院系,盛極一時(shí)。
清華大學(xué)的發(fā)展時(shí)期
清華大學(xué)的初期發(fā)展,雖然滲透著西方文化的影響,但學(xué)校十分重視研究中華民族的優(yōu)秀文化瑰寶。以清華國學(xué)研究院四大導(dǎo)師陳寅恪、趙元任等為代表的清華學(xué)者,
清華大學(xué)校園風(fēng)景主張“中西兼容、文理滲透、古今貫通”,形成了著名的“清華學(xué)派”,對(duì)清華的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響,培養(yǎng)出了一大批高水平的學(xué)術(shù)大師,在中國近現(xiàn)代學(xué)術(shù)史上占據(jù)著重要的地位,可謂光耀西山。
在自然科學(xué)方面,清華培養(yǎng)的人才同樣是群星璀璨,他們中有竺可楨、段學(xué)復(fù)、在1999年被授予“兩彈一星勛章”的20位功勛中,有9位是清華校友。截至20_年12月底,1537名中國科學(xué)院和中國工程院院士中,近20%為清華大學(xué)校友。
在清華的天空中,有太多我們引以為豪的學(xué)術(shù)大師、興業(yè)之士和治國之才??谷諔?zhàn)爭爆發(fā)后,清華大學(xué)與北京大學(xué)、南開大學(xué)在昆明組成西南聯(lián)合大學(xué),清華校長梅貽琦任聯(lián)大校務(wù)委員會(huì)主席,實(shí)際主持校務(wù)。在戰(zhàn)火紛飛、物質(zhì)條件極度匱乏的歲月里,師生休戚與共、艱苦辦學(xué),聯(lián)大也以名師云集、水平高、學(xué)風(fēng)好而蜚聲海外,培養(yǎng)了大批優(yōu)秀人才??谷諔?zhàn)爭勝利后的1946年,清華大學(xué)遷回清華園原址復(fù)校。
國立清華大學(xué)
清華大學(xué)有著光榮的革命傳統(tǒng),在如火如荼的抗日救亡運(yùn)動(dòng)中,在震撼全國的一二·九運(yùn)動(dòng)中,在反饑餓、反內(nèi)戰(zhàn)、反迫害斗爭中,一代代清華仁人志士在探求救國道路、傳播先進(jìn)思想、爭取民族獨(dú)立和人民解放斗爭中成為后世的楷模。1949年后,校長梅貽琦等人隨國民政府遷往中國臺(tái)灣。清華歸屬中央人民政府教育部,更名“清華大學(xué)”1955年,梅貽琦在新竹主持國立清華大學(xué)“在臺(tái)復(fù)?!?,沿用原校名。二十世紀(jì)80年代以來,兩校交往日漸頻繁,“一筆寫不出兩個(gè)清華”。20_年,兩岸清華大學(xué)還將共同舉辦“百年校慶”的相關(guān)活動(dòng)。
1952年中國高等教育體系仿照蘇聯(lián)社會(huì)主義模式進(jìn)行大規(guī)模的院系調(diào)整,清華的1934年6月,清華的院系研究所、文學(xué)院、理學(xué)院、法學(xué)院、農(nóng)學(xué)院、航空等院系被迫割離母校而劃歸北京大學(xué)等校,同時(shí)吸收國內(nèi)其他高校的工科院系,使清華大學(xué)成為一所多科性的工科大學(xué),重點(diǎn)為國家培養(yǎng)工程技術(shù)人才,這一做法現(xiàn)為多數(shù)校友及學(xué)術(shù)界、教育界強(qiáng)烈否定。1952年11月蔣南翔出任清華大學(xué)校長,積極探索符合中國國情的社會(huì)主義高等教育的辦學(xué)道路,在培養(yǎng)又紅又專、全面發(fā)展的工程技術(shù)和尖端科技人才方面成績卓著。他提出“爭取健康地為祖國工作五十年”口號(hào),激勵(lì)清華人至今。
從1953年起率先實(shí)行“政治輔導(dǎo)員”制度,讓優(yōu)秀學(xué)生黨員“雙肩挑”(專業(yè)學(xué)習(xí)和政治工作),延續(xù)至今。當(dāng)時(shí)的清華被稱為“紅色工程師的搖籃”。同年,清華著手進(jìn)行“學(xué)習(xí)蘇聯(lián)先進(jìn)教育經(jīng)驗(yàn)”的教學(xué)改革,按計(jì)劃培養(yǎng)技術(shù)人才,從學(xué)分制轉(zhuǎn)為學(xué)年制,學(xué)制延長,建立教學(xué)大綱,翻譯大量蘇聯(lián)教材,加強(qiáng)基礎(chǔ)課,聘請(qǐng)?zhí)K聯(lián)專家講學(xué)。1955年后,增設(shè)實(shí)驗(yàn)核物理、放射性稀有元素工藝學(xué)等新技術(shù)專業(yè)。1958年后,開展教育領(lǐng)域“大躍進(jìn)”。實(shí)行教育與生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)相結(jié)合、勤工儉學(xué)、教育支援農(nóng)業(yè),清華師生承擔(dān)了密云水庫、中國革命歷史博物館等實(shí)踐工作。1978年以來,在深化改革、擴(kuò)大開放的過程中,清華逐步復(fù)建了理科、經(jīng)濟(jì)、管理、人文、社會(huì)科學(xué)等各學(xué)科,恢復(fù)了綜合性大學(xué)的布局,進(jìn)入了一個(gè)蓬勃發(fā)展的新時(shí)期。
高校院系調(diào)整前后,清華大學(xué)院系的變化目前,清華大學(xué)設(shè)有建筑學(xué)院、土木水利學(xué)院、機(jī)械工程學(xué)院、航天航空學(xué)院、信息科學(xué)技術(shù)學(xué)院、理學(xué)院、生命科學(xué)學(xué)院、醫(yī)學(xué)院、地球科學(xué)學(xué)院(籌)、人文社會(huì)科學(xué)學(xué)院、新聞與傳播學(xué)院、法學(xué)院、馬克思主義學(xué)院、經(jīng)濟(jì)管理學(xué)院、公共管理學(xué)院、美術(shù)學(xué)院、應(yīng)用技術(shù)學(xué)院等,以及清華大學(xué)生物科學(xué)與技術(shù)系(20_年9月28日成立清華大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院,同時(shí)撤銷該建制)、生物信息與系統(tǒng)生物學(xué)、醫(yī)學(xué)系統(tǒng)生物學(xué)研究中心等院系。清華大學(xué)已成為一所具有理、工、文、法、醫(yī)學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、管理、藝術(shù)等學(xué)科的綜合性大學(xué)。水清木華,鐘靈毓秀,清華園散發(fā)著獨(dú)特的精神魅力。
清芬挺秀,華夏增輝,今天的清華大學(xué)面臨著前所未有的歷史機(jī)遇,新時(shí)代的清華人繼承“愛國奉獻(xiàn)、追求卓越”的優(yōu)良傳統(tǒng),秉承“自強(qiáng)不息、厚德載物”的校訓(xùn)和“行勝于言”的校風(fēng),努力躋身世界一流大學(xué)行列,為中華民族的偉大復(fù)興而努力奮斗。
描寫北京研學(xué)旅行心得體會(huì)如何寫三
游客朋友們,您們好,歡迎您到北海公園參觀游覽。
當(dāng)您走進(jìn)這座有著近千年歷史的皇家園林,當(dāng)您仰望美麗的白塔感受著人間仙境般的秀美,急于要走進(jìn)園中去享受北海山水的時(shí)候,我建議您駐足留步,用您幾分鐘的時(shí)間,聽我介紹一下北海公園的總體概況,為您的參觀游覽做一個(gè)導(dǎo)游。
北海公園是我國歷史最悠久、保存最完整的皇家園林之一。這座擁有近千年歷史的園林開發(fā)始于遼會(huì)同元年(公元938年),金大定六年至十九年(公元1166-1179年)世宗完顏雍(yōng)又在遼初創(chuàng)的基礎(chǔ)上建成一座規(guī)模宏大的皇家離宮—太寧宮。太寧宮沿襲中國皇家園林“一池三山”的規(guī)制,即北海和中海是太液池,瓊?cè)A島如”蓬萊”,團(tuán)城為”瀛(yíng)洲”,中海犀(xī)山臺(tái)似”方丈”。并將北宋汴京艮(gèn)岳御園中的太湖石移置于瓊?cè)A島上。至元四年(公元1267年),元世祖忽必烈營建大都,將瓊?cè)A島及其所在的湖泊被劃入皇城,賜名萬壽山、太液池。永樂十八年(公元1420xx年)明朝正式遷都北京,萬壽山、太液池成為紫禁城西面的御苑,稱西苑。清朝承襲明代的西苑,乾隆七年至四十四年(公元1742-1779年)對(duì)北海進(jìn)行大規(guī)模的改建,奠定了此后的規(guī)模和格局。
辛亥革命后,1920xx年北海辟為公園對(duì)外開放。新中國成立后,黨和政府對(duì)北海公園的保護(hù)極為重視,撥巨資予以修葺,1961年被國務(wù)院公布為第一批全國重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位。
北海是中國歷史園林的藝術(shù)杰作。全園占地面積69萬平方米(其中水面面積39萬平方米),主要由瓊?cè)A島、東岸、北岸景區(qū)組成。
走過由漢白玉雕琢的永安橋、穿過堆云牌樓,您就來到了瓊?cè)A島。瓊?cè)A島上樹木蒼郁,殿宇櫛(zhì)比,亭臺(tái)樓閣,錯(cuò)落有致,白塔聳立山巔,成為公園的標(biāo)志。走進(jìn)永安寺的山門,拾階而上您可以登上白塔。關(guān)于永安寺的壯麗景觀我將在您到達(dá)時(shí)詳細(xì)介紹。您走下白塔沿島步行,你可以欣賞到又一些美景。西側(cè),那里有著名的“閱古樓” 內(nèi)存有三希堂法帖,它是享譽(yù)世界上最著名的書法作品集成。西北面被一組沿湖長廊所環(huán)抱,北面山坡上,可見到相傳為秦漢時(shí)期的文物“銅仙承露盤”;東側(cè)山腳下是瓊島春陰碑,它是老北京著名的燕京八景之一?!鞍朐鲁恰币喾Q般若香臺(tái),在東坡依山而建;下面是“般若香臺(tái)牌樓”,過“陟山橋”折而向北就來到東岸景區(qū)。
沿湖建有北京目前歷史最悠久的船塢;環(huán)湖的垂柳掩映著東岸的著名景點(diǎn)——濠濮間、畫舫齋。
濠濮間是一處馬蹄形小山圍成的水潭,在這座人工建造的皇家園林中現(xiàn)出它獨(dú)特的野趣。由濠濮間向北就是畫舫齋,著名的古樹——唐槐就在其中,畫舫齋以其寧靜、幽雅的園林意境名揚(yáng)中外。出畫舫齋西門就可看到清代“先蠶壇”的大門。從先蠶壇北過橋向西而行就到達(dá)北岸景區(qū)。
北岸景區(qū)從東到西布滿景點(diǎn):東側(cè)有靜心齋——人稱“乾隆小花園”、大西天景點(diǎn)有西天禪林喇嘛廟建筑群,“華藏界”牌樓、“天王殿”、金絲楠木建成的“大慈真如寶殿” 、九龍壁等建筑;九龍壁西南是“快雪堂”“鐵影壁”,再往西您就看到了北海五龍亭、闡(chǎn)福寺、小西天等眾多著名景點(diǎn)。
從小西天極樂世界殿出來向南,可以從北海公園西門出園,也可乘游艇回到瓊?cè)A島由南門出園。
描寫北京研學(xué)旅行心得體會(huì)如何寫四
hello everyone! welcome to badaling scenic spot for sightseeing. i'm veryglad to accompany you today. i hope you can have a good time in badaling.
the great wall is a magnificent defensive building in ancient china. itstarts from shanhaiguan in the east and ends at jiayuguan in the west, and runsacross the north of china. winding more than 12000 li, it is famous for the"great wall". it was listed in the world cultural heritage list in 1987. it iscalled "the longest defensive wall in the world" by experts and scholars.
the first time that china built the great wall was in the spring and autumnperiod in the 7th century bc, and the earliest country to build the great wallwas the state of chu. the great wall of the state of chu is called "fangcheng"in historical records, with a length of nearly a thousand li. qi was also one ofthe earliest states to build the great wall. the great wall of qi started frompingyin in shandong province in the west and entered the sea in the east. it isthe most preserved site of the great wall in the spring and autumn period.
qin shihuang was born in 220 bc__ after the unification of china in 1949,the old great wall in the north of qin, zhao and yan was first repaired. at thecost of "building a city of thousands of miles and building a people ofthousands of miles", he began to build the great wall, which is more than 7000kilometers long, from lintao in the west to liaodong in the east. since then,the great wall has stood in the east of the world, experiencing thousands ofyears of wind, frost, rain and snow.
in the early western han dynasty, in order to resist aggression and protectthe newly developed "silk road". it has built a great wall of more than 10000kilometers from lop nor in xinjiang in the west to liaodong in the east. this isalso the longest great wall in the history of our country.
after the establishment of ming dynasty, it faced the threat of mongoliaand jurchen. from the beginning of zhu yuanzhang, general xu da was sent northto build the great wall. until the end of ming dynasty, it was overhauled 18times, lasting more than 260 years. until hongzhi 20__ in, it was completed fromthe yalu river in the east to jiayuguan in the west. through liaoning, hebei,beijing, shanxi, shaanxi, inner mongolia, ningxia, gansu and other provinces andautonomous regions. the great wall is more than 12700 li long. and along thegreat wall is pided into nine defense areas, known as "nine sides and ninetowns". moreover, in many important pass areas, especially in the north ofbeijing city, multiple walls were built. these are the badaling great wall wesee now.
the scale of the great wall built in the qin, han and ming dynasties is thelargest compared with other dynasties. so the three construction climaxes inhistory are the qin dynasty, the han dynasty and the ming dynasty.
now, let me introduce the badaling great wall. badaling great wall islocated in yanqing county, northwest of beijing. it is the best preservedsection of the great wall in beijing with the best engineering quality and themost rigorous structure. this section of the great wall takes the urn city asthe center, reaching the seventh floor in the south and the twelfth floor in thenorth, with a total length of 4770 meters. it is the only channel leading to theoutside of the great wall in beijing area and the front position of here, you can reach yongning and sihai in the east, xuanhua and datong inthe west, jingcheng in the south, yanqing in the north and badaling in alldirections. badaling pass was built in 1520__ the city is 7.5 meters high and 4meters thick. there is a plaque on each of the east and west gates, with "juyongwai town" in the east and "north gate lock key" in the west. at the entrance ofguancheng, there is a cannon with a length of 2.85 meters and a caliber of 10.5cm, which is called "shenwei general". now let's look at the wall of the greatwall in badaling. this section of the city wall is about 5.8 meters narrow atthe top and 6.5 meters wide at the bottom. it consists of four basic structures.1、 city wall, two, city tower, three, pass, four, beacon tower. there is aticket door in the wall and a stone ladder in the middle. the top can hold 5horses in parallel. beacon tower is also known as beacon, beacon, wolf is independent of the city wall, almost every other mile there is a, composedof the great wall defense alarm system.
whenever enemy troops invade, the beacon towers burn beacon fires to conveymilitary information. burning smoke during the day is called beacon. at night afire is called a flint. and because wolf dung is often used as fuel, the smokeis high and hard to dissipate, so it is also called "wolf smoke". moreover, itwas stipulated in the ming dynasty. more than 100 of the invading soldiers lit acigarette and fired a gun, about 500 soldiers fired two cigarettes and two guns,more than 1000 soldiers fired three cigarettes and three guns, more than 5000soldiers fired four cigarettes and four guns, if more than 10000 soldiers wereinvolved, five cigarettes and five guns.
from badaling to the south is the famous xiongguan, juyong pass. juyongpass is one of the most famous passes of the great wall and an important barrierto the northwest of ancient beijing. it got its name from qin shihuang'sconstruction of the great wall. that is to say, the prisoners and the people whohave been punished in the palace are caught here to let them build the greatwall. and lived. juyongguan was called juyongsai in han dynasty and junduguan insui dynasty. when it was rebuilt in the ming dynasty, it became the strongestsection of the ming great wall. there are both military headquarters andadministrative organizations here. juyong pass in ancient times was also lushwith extraordinary scenery. juyong jucui, one of the eight famous scenic spotsin yanjing, refers to this place. in addition, there are many places ofinterest, such as yang liulang's shuanmazhuang, mu guiying's dianjiangtai, andbaifengzhong, where dragons and phoenixes play. not only that, but also juyongguanzhong has a white jade platform, called yuntai, which was built in e there were three tibetan pagodas built on the stage and the couponsunder the stage, it was originally called "crossing the street pagoda". in theearly ming dynasty, the pagoda was destroyed, and then the tai'an temple wasbuilt. in the early qing dynasty, the temple was destroyed again, and now thereare only pillar bases and watchposts. there are also six kinds of seal cuttingscriptures in sanskrit, tibetan and basiba on the inner wall, which areimportant objects for studying ancient chinese characters.
having said so much, let me tell you a story to relax. the name of thestory is called "meng jiangnu crying the great wall". it's about qin shihuangbuilding the great wall. at that time, in order to speed up the project, itbegan to draw civil servants from all over the country. meng jiangnu's husband,fan qiliang, was also transferred to build the great wall soon after herwedding.
in the twinkling of an eye, three years later, fan qiliang never heard fromhim. meng jiangnu couldn't eat well and sleep well. suddenly, one night. mengjiangnu had a dream that her husband was hungry and cold, and his clothes didn'tcover her body. she kept shouting "i'm cold, i'm hungry!" meng jiangnu woke upand decided to go to her husband, and brought him dry food and warm clothes. allthe way along the great wall in search of his husband. she went to shanhaiguanto find out that many people had died to build the great wall. her husband, fanqiliang, was also tired to death and buried under the great wall. this news islike a bolt from the blue, meng jiangnu immediately began to cry, crying earthshaking, sections of the great wall collapsed, eight hundred miles long. now theproject manager was in a hurry to report to qin shihuang who was coming here toinspect the progress of the project. the first emperor of qin sent someone toarrest meng jiangnu to find out the reason. after seeing her, qin shihuang wasfascinated by her beauty and insisted on calling her "empress zhenggong".although meng jiangnu was full of anger, she still held down her hatred and hadan idea. she had to ask qin shihuang to agree to her three conditions before shecould become the "empress of the palace". the first is to find the body of hishusband fan qiliang; the second is to hold a state funeral for his husband; andthe third is to ask the first emperor of qin to wear mourning and flag for fanqiliang. after listening to the three conditions proposed by meng jiangnu, thefirst emperor of qin thought for a moment. in order to get the beautiful mengjiangnu, he insisted. meng jiangnu, wearing filial piety, paid homage to thetomb of fan zhaliang, who died for the construction of the city. her longcherished wish was fulfilled. facing the rolling bohai sea, she jumped up andthrew herself into the sea.
at the end of the story, do you think qin shihuang is fatuous andoverbearing? let's ignore him first. start climbing the great wall and be ahero!!
大家好!歡迎大家到八達(dá)嶺景區(qū)觀光旅游。今天有幸陪同大家一起參觀,我很高興,希望各位能在八達(dá)嶺度過一段美好的時(shí)光。
長城是我們古代一項(xiàng)極為雄偉的防御性建筑,它東起山海關(guān),西至嘉峪關(guān),橫貫我國北部。婉蜒一萬兩千多里,故以“萬里長城”聞名于世。并于1987年被列入《世界文化遺產(chǎn)名錄》。被專家學(xué)者們稱為“世界上最長的防御性城墻”。
中國最早修建長城是在公元前7世紀(jì)的春秋時(shí)期,最早修筑長城的國家是楚國。楚國長城在歷史文獻(xiàn)記載上稱作“方城”,長度近千里。齊國也是諸侯國中修筑長城較早的國家,齊長城西起山東平陰,東入大海。是春秋時(shí)期長城中遺址保存最多的。
秦始皇于公元前220__年統(tǒng)一中國后,先修繕了秦、趙、燕三國北部的部分舊長城。并開始以“修萬里城,筑萬里人”的代價(jià)修建西起臨洮、東到遼東,長達(dá)7000多千米的長城。從此萬里長城巍然屹立于世界的東方,經(jīng)歷千百年的風(fēng)霜雨雪。
西漢初期,為了抵御侵略和保護(hù)新開發(fā)的“絲綢之路”。修筑了西起新疆羅布泊,東到遼東,長達(dá)一萬多千米的長城。這也是我國歷史上最長的一條長城。
明朝建立后,面對(duì)蒙古和女真的威脅。從朱元璋開始就派大將徐達(dá)北上修筑長城。直到明朝滅亡,先后大修十八次,歷時(shí)260余年。直到弘治20__年,才完成了東起鴨綠江邊,西到嘉峪關(guān)。途經(jīng)遼寧、河北、北京、山西、陜西、內(nèi)蒙古、寧夏、甘肅等省市自治區(qū)。全長12700多里的長城。并把長城沿線劃分為九個(gè)防御區(qū)域,稱為“九邊九鎮(zhèn)”。而且還在許多重要關(guān)隘地區(qū),特別是北京城的北面,修筑了多重城墻。這些就是我們現(xiàn)在所看到的八達(dá)嶺長城了。
秦、漢、明三朝在歷史上修筑長城的規(guī)模,相比其他朝代來講是最大的。所以說在歷史上的三次修筑高潮就是秦朝、漢朝、明朝。
現(xiàn)在,我就來介紹一下八達(dá)嶺長城。八達(dá)嶺長城位于北京西北部的延慶縣,是北京地區(qū)長城中保存最完好,工程質(zhì)量最佳,結(jié)構(gòu)最嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)囊欢巍_@段長城以甕城為中心,南至七樓,北到十二樓,全長4770米。它是北京地區(qū)通向塞外的唯一通道,是居庸關(guān)的前沿陣地。由此地東可到永寧、四海,西可到宣化、大同,南可抵京城,北可通延慶,四通八達(dá),所以叫做八達(dá)嶺。八達(dá)嶺關(guān)城建于1520__年,城高7.5米,厚4米。東西兩門各有一塊牌匾,東為“居庸外鎮(zhèn)”,西為“北門鎖鑰”。關(guān)城入口處有一尊長2.85米,口徑10.5厘米的大炮名叫“神威大將軍”?,F(xiàn)在請(qǐng)大家看八達(dá)嶺這段長城的城墻。這段城墻上窄下寬,上窄約5.8米,下寬約6.5米。分別由四種基本構(gòu)造構(gòu)成。一、城墻,二、城臺(tái),三、關(guān)隘,四、烽火臺(tái)。墻內(nèi)有券門,中間有石梯相連。頂部可容5匹馬并行。烽火臺(tái)又稱烽堠、烽燧、狼煙臺(tái)。它獨(dú)立于城墻之外,幾乎每隔一里就有一座,組成了萬里長城的防御報(bào)警系統(tǒng)。
每當(dāng)有敵兵進(jìn)犯的時(shí)候,烽火臺(tái)就燃烽火,傳遞軍情。白天燃煙稱烽。夜晚舉火稱燧。又因?yàn)榻?jīng)常用狼糞做燃料,煙飄的高又不易消散,所以也叫做“狼煙”。而且,在明朝規(guī)定。來犯敵兵百余人點(diǎn)一煙放一炮,五百人左右兩煙兩炮,千余人以上三煙三炮,五千人以上四煙四炮,如果事萬人以上,五煙五炮。
從八達(dá)嶺一直向南,就是著名的雄關(guān)——居庸關(guān)了。居庸關(guān)是萬里長城最有名的關(guān)隘之一,為古代北京西北的重要屏障。以秦始皇修長城“徙居庸徒于此”而得名。也就是說把囚犯、和受過宮刑的人,抓到這里來讓他們修長城。并且居住了下來。居庸關(guān)在漢朝時(shí)叫居庸塞,隋朝叫軍都關(guān)。到了明朝重新修筑后,成了明長城中最堅(jiān)固的一段。這里既有軍事指揮部、又有行政管理機(jī)構(gòu)。古時(shí)的居庸關(guān)同樣林木蔥郁,景致非凡,著名的燕京八景之一“居庸疊翠”指的就是這里了。除此之外還有許多名勝古跡,象楊六郎的栓馬樁、穆桂英的點(diǎn)將臺(tái)、游龍戲鳳的白鳳冢等七十二處名勝。不但如此,而且居庸關(guān)中還有一座始建于1345年的漢白玉高臺(tái),人稱云臺(tái)。因臺(tái)上曾建有3座藏式佛塔,臺(tái)下為券門,故原稱“過街塔”。明初佛塔被毀,后又建泰安寺。清朝前期,寺又被毀,現(xiàn)僅有柱礎(chǔ)和望柱。內(nèi)壁還留有用梵文、藏文、八思巴文等6種文字篆刻的經(jīng)文,是研究我國古代文字的重要實(shí)物。
說了這么多了,下面我給大家講一個(gè)故事來放松一下。故事的名字呢就叫做“孟姜女哭長城”。說的是秦始皇修筑長城的事。當(dāng)時(shí)為了加快工程速度,又開始在全國各地抽調(diào)民夫。孟姜女的丈夫范杞梁在新婚不久,也被抽調(diào)去充當(dāng)修長城的民夫了。
轉(zhuǎn)眼三年過去了,范杞梁杳無音信,急得孟姜女吃不好睡不香。突然,有一天夜里。孟姜女做夢,夢到他的丈夫饑寒交迫,衣不遮體,還不停的喊“我冷啊,我餓呀!”孟姜女驚醒后決定去找丈夫,并給他帶上了干糧和御寒的衣服。一路沿著長城尋找他的丈夫。她四處打聽,走到山海關(guān)才知道,為修長城死了很多人,丈夫范杞梁也被累死了,并埋在長城下,尸骨都找不到。這一消息如同晴天霹靂,孟姜女頓時(shí)就傷心地痛哭起來,哭得驚天動(dòng)地,長城一段段的倒塌,足有八百里長。這下可急壞了工程總管,急忙去報(bào)告正來此巡查工程進(jìn)展的秦始皇。秦始皇趕忙派人把孟姜女抓來尋問根由。當(dāng)見到之后,秦始皇卻被她的美貌迷住了,非要封她為"正宮娘娘"。孟姜女雖然怒火滿腔,但還是壓住心頭仇恨,靈機(jī)一動(dòng),將計(jì)就計(jì)地非要秦始皇答應(yīng)她三個(gè)條件,之后才能當(dāng)"正宮娘娘"。一要找到丈夫范杞梁的尸體;二要為其丈夫舉行國葬;三要秦始皇為范杞梁披麻戴孝、打幡送葬。秦始皇聽罷孟姜女提的三個(gè)條件,思索片刻,為了得到貌美如花的孟姜女,便硬著頭皮答應(yīng)下來,孟姜女戴著孝拜了為筑城而死的范札梁墳?zāi)购?,宿愿已償,面?duì)滾滾的渤海,縱身一躍,投海自盡了。
故事講完了,大家覺得秦始皇是不是昏庸霸道?咱們先不管他怎么樣。開始登長城做好漢吧!!
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