作為一名教職工,就不得不需要編寫教案,編寫教案有利于我們科學(xué)、合理地支配課堂時(shí)間。怎樣寫教案才更能起到其作用呢?教案應(yīng)該怎么制定呢?這里我給大家分享一些最新的教案范文,方便大家學(xué)習(xí)。
高中英語語法虛擬語氣教案英文篇一
一、非真實(shí)條件句中的虛擬語氣
1.和現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反
從句:一般過去時(shí)(were/done);主句:過去將來時(shí)(would do)
e.g.:i am not free i ___free today, i __ and visit some of my friends.2.和過去的事實(shí)相反
從句:過去完成時(shí)(had done);主句:過去完成時(shí)(would have done)e.g.:if my lawyer ___ here last saturday, he __ me from going.3.和將來的事實(shí)相反
從句:①were to + 動(dòng)詞原形 ②should +動(dòng)詞原形 ③動(dòng)詞過去式; 主句should/would/could/might +動(dòng)詞原形
e.g.:if i were to see tom, what ___ you ___ me to tell him?
二、賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
后面賓語從句中的虛擬語氣,表示與事實(shí)相反的愿望。其表達(dá)形式一般是將從句的謂語動(dòng)詞退后一個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)。例如:
1)與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反 : wish +(that)+ did(were)
e.g.:i wish i were as healthy as you.e.g.:i wish that i had a plane.2)與過去事實(shí)相反 : wish +(that)+ had done e.g.:i wish i had been to the concert last night.e.g.:i wish you had written to him.3)與將來事實(shí)相反 : wish + would/could/might + do e.g.:i wish he would forgive me.2.在某些動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句中需用should+動(dòng)詞原形的虛擬語氣形式。“should”可以省略。一個(gè)堅(jiān)持insist;兩個(gè)命令order, command;三條建議suggest , advise, propose;四項(xiàng)要求demand, request, require, ask;另外有:prefer、recommend 注意: suggest表“暗示表明”時(shí) insist表“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”時(shí)不用虛擬語氣
e.g.:he ordered that the students(should)wash the clothes every week by themselves.e.g.:the doctor suggested that she(should)have an operation at once.*his face suggested that he had been punished by the teacher.三、主語從句中的虛擬語氣
be+過去分詞+that…+(should)+動(dòng)詞原形+… 過去分詞:suggested, requested, ordered, proposed e.g.: it is required that nobody(should)smoke here.e.g.: it’s suggested that everybody(should)buy a dictionary be+形容詞+that…+(should)+動(dòng)詞原形+…
形容詞:important, necessary, natural, right, wrong, better,proper, funny, strange, surprising… e.g.: it is necessary that we(should)have a walk now.e.g.: it's important that we(should)take good care of the be+名詞(a pity/a shame/ no wonder)that…+(should)+動(dòng)詞原形+…(表示驚異、懊悔、失望等情感)it is a regret that he(should)miss this golden chance.四、表語從句、同位語從句中的虛擬語氣
在 suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice ,decision等名詞后面的表語從句、同位語從句中要用虛擬語氣,即(should)+動(dòng)詞原形。
e.g.: my suggestion is that we(should)leave at once.e.g.: i make a proposal that we(should)hold a meeting next week.五、狀語從句中的虛擬語氣
1、用在由as if, as though引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中,表示和現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在的懷疑,用過去時(shí);表示過去想象中的動(dòng)作或情況,用過去完成時(shí);表示將來用would + 動(dòng)詞原形。e.g.: it seems as if the man were his brother.e.g.: this device operated as though it had been repaired.2.用在lest, for fear that和in case引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中,這時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞用(should)+動(dòng)詞原形 e.g.: she closed the windows lest she catch cold.六、其他句式
1、it’s(high/low)time 從句:
it is(high)time that從句謂語動(dòng)詞要用過去式或用should加動(dòng)詞原形,但should不可省略。e.g.: it is time that the children went to bed.e.g.: it is high time that the children should go to bed.2、一些介詞短語
but for your help, we couldn’t have g could live without the sun.3、比較if only與only if only if 表示“只有”;
i wake up only if the alarm clock only 則表示“如果……就好了”。其從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去時(shí)或過去完成時(shí)。if only i knew only the alarm clock had rung.七、虛擬語氣難點(diǎn)
1、錯(cuò)綜虛擬與隱含虛擬
錯(cuò)綜虛擬:if you hadn’t bought the ticket last week, how would you go now? 隱含虛擬:情境中提供虛擬語氣
suppose there were no gravity, objects would not fall to the ground when wasn’t feeling very ise she wouldn’t have left the meeting so telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or i would have known nothing about it.(連詞)i might have given you more help, but i was too busy.(連詞)given more time, we could have done it better.(分詞短語)… … such mistakes could have been avoided.(通過上下文)
2、倒裝
it(=if it were)not for their help, we couldn’t have got over the i(=if i had)known about it, i would have told anyone(=if anyone should)call, please take a dddb
高中英語語法虛擬語氣教案英文篇二
淺談高中英語語法虛擬語氣教學(xué)
江蘇省高郵市第一中學(xué)英語組 居樹君 【摘 要】 隨著新課改的不斷深入,高二英語語法中的虛擬語氣成為單選題中占分比較多的題型,這就面臨著如何學(xué)好虛擬語氣的問題。本文闡述虛擬語氣在英語教學(xué)中的重要性,簡析了高中虛擬語氣教與學(xué)中存在的問題,探討針對(duì)高中生如何掌握好虛擬語氣的方法,在指出傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)誤區(qū)的同時(shí),結(jié)合自己的實(shí)踐,在吸收先進(jìn)的教學(xué)方法的同時(shí),提出幾種可行的教學(xué)方法,提高學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)虛擬語氣的能力,為學(xué)生學(xué)好英語打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)?!娟P(guān)鍵詞】英語 虛擬語氣 教學(xué)
眾所周知,虛擬語氣既是高中英語教學(xué)的重點(diǎn),又是一大難點(diǎn),很多學(xué)生經(jīng)常對(duì)它的用法感到困惑。語法教學(xué)是高中生學(xué)好英語的前提和基礎(chǔ),對(duì)學(xué)生來說,學(xué)好虛擬語氣是進(jìn)步提高英語語法學(xué)習(xí)的前提和保障,作為一個(gè)教學(xué)工作者,如何有效地進(jìn)行虛擬語氣教學(xué),將直接影響到學(xué)生是否真正理解和掌握英語,能否在考試中取得好的成績以及切實(shí)有效地運(yùn)用英語。
一. 虛擬語氣的定義及應(yīng)用
虛擬語氣是指與事實(shí)相反,不可能或想象的情況或假設(shè)。
(一).虛擬語氣在if引導(dǎo)的非真實(shí)條件句中的應(yīng)用 動(dòng)詞形式/時(shí)間 從句 主句
與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反
動(dòng)詞過去式(be的過去式一般用were)would(could/should/might)+動(dòng)詞原形 與過去事實(shí)相反 be+動(dòng)詞過去分詞
would(could/should/might)+have+過去分詞 與將來事實(shí)可能相反
動(dòng)詞過去式;should/were to+動(dòng)詞原形 would(could/should/might)+動(dòng)詞原形
【注意】主句中的should只用于第一人稱,would/could/might可用于所有人稱 1.表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣 如果我們有足夠的錢,我們就去買一臺(tái)電腦。2.表示與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣
if i had known your telephone number yesterday, i should have telephoned you.如果我昨天知道了你的電話號(hào)碼,我就會(huì)給你打電話了。3.表示與將來事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣
if it should rain, the crops would be saved.假如天下雨,莊稼可能就有收獲了?!咀⒁狻浚?)條件句中有were, had, should時(shí),可把if省略,而把were, had, should放在主語前,構(gòu)成到狀結(jié)構(gòu)。
(2)若非真實(shí)條件句為否定句,否定詞not不提前。
(3)“could have+過去分詞”可用于if條件句中表示不真實(shí)的情況。二.虛擬語氣在名詞性從句中的應(yīng)用 1.虛擬語氣在主語從句中的應(yīng)用
在“it is necessary(important,natural,strange,?和“it is desired(suggested,decided,ordered,requested,proposed,etc.)that?”句型中,從句謂語用“(should+)動(dòng)詞原形
it is necessary that i should return it right now.我有必要馬上把它還回去。
it is required that the students(should)learn a foreign language.學(xué)生們被要求必須學(xué)一門外語。2.虛擬語氣在賓語從句中的運(yùn)用
(1)wish后的賓語從句用虛擬語氣。若表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的愿望,從句謂語用一般過去時(shí);若表示與過去相反的愿望,從句謂語用過去完成時(shí);若表示將來沒有把握或不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,用“would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形”。i wish i had a little lab of my own.但愿我有一間屬于自己的實(shí)驗(yàn)室。要是你昨天來聽報(bào)告就好了。would rather 后的句子用虛擬語氣。通常一般過去時(shí)表示與現(xiàn)在或?qū)硎聦?shí)相反,用過去完成時(shí)表示與過去事實(shí)相反。
i would rather he came tomorrow than suggest that students should spend two or three years in an english-speaking country.我建議學(xué)生們?cè)谝粋€(gè)說英語的國家呆上兩三年?!咀⒁狻慨?dāng)insist作“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”,用以陳述一種情況,suggest作“暗示,表明”解時(shí),賓語從句通常不用虛擬語氣。
mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.邁克堅(jiān)持說他沒有偷任何東西。
3.虛擬語氣在表語從句、同位語從句中的運(yùn)用。
當(dāng) advice, order, demand, proposal, suggestion, request等名詞后跟表語從句或同位語從句時(shí),其謂語一般用“(should+)動(dòng)詞原形”。
his suggestion is that you should drink more water.三.在練習(xí)題型中學(xué)生常犯的錯(cuò)誤 如:(2009.天津高考)this picture is of good it _b___break down within the first year, we would repair i at our 大多數(shù)學(xué)生容易選成a答案,這說明他們對(duì)虛擬語氣的本質(zhì)還沒有把握清楚。
(2006.湖北高考)__b__fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut you be you be you be you be 這題很多學(xué)生容易把答案選成a 原因是他們不知道是對(duì)將來的虛擬,把if 省略了,should 給提到了句首,用了部分倒裝句。這也是虛擬語氣中的??碱}型,往往被學(xué)生所忽視。四.解讀虛擬語氣
虛擬語氣”中的“命令性虛擬語氣”和“成語性虛擬語氣”,再加上“were 型”虛擬語氣。[1] §3116如下圖所示:subjunctive present mandative formulaic were從屬分句中的任何動(dòng)詞就都能用虛擬語氣。[1] §3116如:(1)our decision is that the school remain closed.(2)it is necessary that every member inform himself of these rules.(3)there was a suggestion that brown be dropped from the team.(4)we ask that the inpidual citizen watch closely any developments in this sen[5](p161)稱: 在這種由that 引導(dǎo)的主語、賓語、表
語、同位語四種名詞分句中, “祈使句被作為直接引語完整的保存下來, ?講話人覺得這里的be 型虛擬式是未經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)變的指未來的祈使語氣”。quirk 等[2] §14133也指出: 所有主要句子類型皆可變?yōu)殚g接引語, 而在轉(zhuǎn)型后的間接祈使句中, 并無時(shí)態(tài)之后移。如果我們將這些命令性虛擬語氣的深層語義和形式與祈使句作一對(duì)比, 便可發(fā)現(xiàn)二者有著十分密切的聯(lián)系。如:(5)“do it right away.”i insistently said(to john).(6)i insisted that john do it right away.(7)“have another apple ,”caral suggested(to me).(8)caral suggested that i have another apple.例(5)、(7)屬于隱主語型祈使句, 其主語是交際雙方中的受話者you , 謂語動(dòng)詞為意指未來的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)第二人稱的形式。[6] quirk 等[2](p828)說過: “it is intuitively clear that the meaning of a directive implies that the omitted subject is the 2nd person pronoun you.”易仲良教授[4](p45)也撰文指出: 祈使句式 的主語無論隱沒不現(xiàn), 還是使用外現(xiàn), 使用時(shí)不管是you 或是貌似第三人稱的不定代詞或名詞詞組, 都是受話者, 其謂語動(dòng)詞形式是限定動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在時(shí)的第二人稱形式。例(6)、(8)quirk等稱之為命令性虛擬語氣。而我們的看法
卻不然。兩例的that 分句中, 原例(5)、(7)祈使句被作為直接引語完整的保存了下來, 其主語表面上是第三人稱john 和第一人稱i, 而實(shí)際上仍然是交際雙方中的受話者, 原祈使句之潛在主語you , 謂語動(dòng)詞保留了原祈使句謂語動(dòng)詞的形式, 即與第二人稱you 相呼應(yīng)的英語動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)形式,[4]而不是quirk等所說的動(dòng)詞原形, 也不是did、had在轉(zhuǎn)型后的間接祈使句中, 限定性動(dòng)詞并無時(shí)態(tài)之后移, 沒有通常應(yīng)有的一致性, 沒有現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過去時(shí)之分。這樣, 受話人可以從中感受來自現(xiàn)實(shí)發(fā)話人與原始發(fā)話人的雙重聲音, 從而較多的保留了話語原聲狀態(tài)下的祈使色彩。分析表明, quirk 等的be 型虛擬語氣中的一類, 即“命令性虛擬語氣”并沒有它自身的標(biāo)記性, 其謂語動(dòng)詞不是什么動(dòng)詞原形形式, 而是與祈使句謂語動(dòng)詞始終使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)第二人稱的形式是一致的, 語義亦無二致, 都是要受話人作出某種行為的反應(yīng)。易仲良教授[4](p48)將命令性虛擬語氣稱做間接祈使句。21成語性虛擬語氣和心理祈使成語性虛擬語氣(formulaic subjunctive)或曰祈求性虛擬語氣是quirk等確認(rèn)的現(xiàn)在虛擬語氣的第二大類。他們認(rèn)為這類虛擬語氣也由原形(v)構(gòu)成。但是, 這種成語性虛擬語氣僅僅用在某些需要作為整體來學(xué)的成語性結(jié)構(gòu)中[1] §3116用于某些感嘆句表示愿望或希冀, 常常與超越自然力有關(guān)。如:(10)so be it then!(11)heaven forbid that ?(12)suffice it to say that ?(13)be that as it may, ? 試與祈使句作比較, 如:(14)god save the queen!(15)smith stand by me!quirk等把例(14)命之曰成語性虛擬語氣, 它與祈使句例(15)的動(dòng)詞形式完全一致, 所引兩例在深層語義上都是祈使某一對(duì)象做某事。祈使句例(15), 如前所述, 所祈使的對(duì)象“smith”表面上看是第三人稱, 但實(shí)際上為現(xiàn)實(shí)語言交際中的受話人you , 其謂語動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)第二人稱的形式。[4](p45)關(guān)于祈使句中不定代詞或名詞短語作主語不是第三人稱而是第二人稱的觀點(diǎn)jespersen [5](p148)早有論述: “any imperative is virtually in the second person , even if seemingly addressed to a third person.”poutsma[7](p200)在論述祈使句謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)也曾說道: “the imperative , from the nature of its meaning, is used only in the present tense.”而例(14)所祈使的對(duì)象“god”在quirk 等看來, 也是第三人稱, 但從話語的形成過程看, 句中“god”系發(fā)話人向彼岸世界之呼告, 我們不難讀出其心理語言為彼岸的受話人you , 其謂語動(dòng)詞不是quirk等所說的動(dòng)詞原形形式, 而是與心理語言的受話人you 相呼應(yīng)的現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)形式。句中賓語“the queen”乃此岸世界受話人的稱謂, 屬現(xiàn)實(shí)語言第二人稱, 寥寥幾言, 發(fā)話人的思緒往返天人之際, 經(jīng)歷著內(nèi)部語言向外部語言的轉(zhuǎn)換, 卻始終保持著面對(duì)面的交際, 表達(dá)一種發(fā)自內(nèi)心的、祈求上帝保佑現(xiàn)實(shí)受話人的強(qiáng)烈愿望。[8]這里所謂的成語性虛擬語氣實(shí)質(zhì)上是心理祈使句。[4](p51)我們的論述在大家面前便展現(xiàn)了一幅be 型虛擬語氣、祈使語氣、陳述語氣實(shí)為一體的圖景:語氣 主語 謂語
be 型虛擬語氣 you v 祈使語氣 you v 陳述語氣第二人稱 you v
quirk等的所謂be 型虛擬語氣的二大類與祈使句的形式完全一致, 語義亦無二致: “be 型虛擬語氣”的主語或明或隱都是受話人, 即第二人稱you;其謂語動(dòng)詞與祈使句總是相同的, 我們稱之為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)第二人稱形式。[4](p51)quirk 等[2](p155)也指出: “these(mandative subjunctive and formulaic subjunctive)are realized , like the imperative , by the base form of the verb.”可是傳統(tǒng)語法學(xué)家卻將這三為一體的形式分別劃分為三種不同的語氣語法范疇: 陳述語氣、祈使語氣、虛擬語氣。這種“同一范疇內(nèi)的同形異意”有悖語言學(xué)關(guān)于語法范疇的基本觀點(diǎn)。
31were 型虛擬語氣和過去時(shí)態(tài)
quirk等的were 型虛擬語氣是一種假設(shè), 它用在條件分句、讓步分句和前面是祈愿動(dòng)詞如wish 的從屬分句中。這種虛擬語氣只限于用were 這一種形式, 它出現(xiàn)在動(dòng)詞be的第一人稱和第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在時(shí)中。[1] §3116這樣, quirk 等將傳統(tǒng)的含過去時(shí)態(tài)的所謂虛擬語氣, 不論是行為動(dòng)詞的-ed 形式, 還是be 動(dòng)詞的was , 還是情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞的過去式都?xì)w為或陳述語氣范疇, 或祈使語氣范疇, 或情態(tài)詞范疇, 并非虛擬語氣。同時(shí)quirk等[1] §11132還指明: “事實(shí)上, 對(duì)表達(dá)假設(shè)條件來說, 用陳述語氣和虛擬語氣都可以, 而在正式的書面英語中更多采用虛擬語氣的形式。”可知, 陳述句也可以表達(dá)假設(shè)意義。我們知道“時(shí)”(tense)是個(gè)語法范疇, 它是表示時(shí)間區(qū)別的動(dòng)詞形式。[9](p160)“過去時(shí)”, 顧名思義, 當(dāng)然表示過去時(shí)間??墒窃谡Z言實(shí)際操作中, 人們卻被告知“時(shí)態(tài)”與“時(shí)間”本不一一對(duì)應(yīng), 過去時(shí)也可以表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)間或者將來時(shí)間, 即非過去時(shí)間。[10](p64)如:(16)i saw a film last night.(17)if he lived with us now we would be much happier.(18)i wondered if you could do that for [11](p71836)沈家煊[14](p17-24)虛化的結(jié)果是進(jìn)一步提高了were 的使用頻率, 卻降低了was的使用。由于were 的高使用率, quirk等將過去虛擬語氣中的were 看作是普通的過去時(shí)形式,[1] §11132與be 動(dòng)詞以外的所有動(dòng)詞的過去時(shí)態(tài)采用不分人稱和數(shù)的單一式是一
致的, 換言之, 那分人稱和數(shù)的was 便被看作了特殊的過去時(shí)形式,[4](p51)只用于比較非正式的語體中, 往往被當(dāng)作陳述句。而且, 在were 型虛擬語氣中, were 之所以取代was 出現(xiàn)在動(dòng)詞be的第一人稱和第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在時(shí)中, 是因?yàn)椤癷f i were you , ?.”這樣類似的語句是顯然違反事實(shí)的假設(shè)。因此, 筆者認(rèn)為: quirk 等之所以對(duì)were 情有獨(dú)鐘是因?yàn)檎Z法化了的were 所包蘊(yùn)的內(nèi)涵遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于was。動(dòng)詞were 除了表達(dá)時(shí)間方面的距離, 還表達(dá)與真實(shí)性方面的距離和語法對(duì)稱方面的距離。[15] 五.結(jié)束語 綜上所述, quirk等的所謂be 型虛擬語氣的二類與祈使句的主謂形式是完全一致的;所謂的were 型虛擬語氣實(shí)質(zhì)為陳述句過去時(shí)態(tài)表與真實(shí)性方面的距離性, 我們贊成易仲良教授關(guān)于否定虛擬語氣的觀點(diǎn)。如果我們承認(rèn)虛擬語氣就等于承認(rèn)相同語法形式可以表示處于相互對(duì)立關(guān)系的同類語法意義, 也就等于承認(rèn)同一范疇內(nèi)表示某一語法意義的形式可以脫離自身的意義而成為另一對(duì)立語法意義的標(biāo)志, 這顯然有悖語言學(xué)關(guān)于語法范疇地基本原則。求簡、求易是理性人類不懈追求的目標(biāo)。既然“虛擬語氣”與祈使句或陳述句的相似形式可能給人們帶來識(shí)別或理解上的麻煩, 人們就有理由冷落它。因此, 我們否定“虛擬語氣”從理論上是毋庸置疑的, 從語言現(xiàn)象的解釋方面是入情入理的, 從實(shí)際運(yùn)用上更有利于我們的英語教學(xué)。
高中英語語法虛擬語氣教案英文篇三
虛擬語氣
第一部分:語氣的定義和種類 語氣(mood)語氣是動(dòng)詞的一種形式,表示說話人對(duì)某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度。2 語氣的種類
陳述語氣:表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)是現(xiàn)實(shí)的、確定的或符合事實(shí)的,用于陳述句、疑問句和某些感嘆句。如: there are two sides to every question.每個(gè)問題都有兩個(gè)方面。were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙嗎? how good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老師?。∑硎拐Z氣:表示說話人對(duì)對(duì)方的請(qǐng)求或命令。如: never be late again!再也不要遲到了。
don’t forget to turn off the light.別忘了關(guān)燈。
虛擬語氣:表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)不是客觀存在的事實(shí),而是說話人的主觀愿望、假設(shè)或推測(cè)等。如: if i were a bird, i could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鳥,我就能在空中飛行。i wish i could pass the examination.我希望我能通過考試。may you succeed!祝您成功!
虛擬語氣在語法里算得上是個(gè)難點(diǎn)。讓我們就從最簡單的開始吧。
第二部分:虛擬語氣的用法
i.簡單句中虛擬語氣的用法
一、動(dòng)詞的過去式用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),表示說話人的謙虛、客氣、有禮貌、或委婉的語氣,常用于日常會(huì)話中。如:would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office? 請(qǐng)你告訴我去郵局的路好嗎?
it would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好別熬夜到很晚。
二、表示祝愿。
1、常用“may+動(dòng)詞原形”表示祝愿,此時(shí)may須置于句首(多用于正式文體中)。may good luck be yours!祝你好運(yùn)!may you be happy!祝你快樂!
may you do even better!祝你取得更大成就!may you have a good time.祝愿你玩的痛快。
may the friendship between us last long.祝愿我們的友情天長地久。may you be happy.(注意那個(gè)be)祝你幸福。
2、用動(dòng)詞原形。例如:
(1)long live the people!人民萬歲!
(2).“god bless you,”said the priest.牧師說:“愿上帝保佑你!”
(3).have a good journey!祝愿你旅途愉快!
3、表示強(qiáng)烈愿望。(該類型虛擬語氣謂語僅用動(dòng)詞原形,第三人稱單數(shù)也不加“s”)(1).god save me.(2).heaven help us.
第三部分:名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣
i.賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
一、在動(dòng)詞wish后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
在動(dòng)詞wish后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣,常省去賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that。
1、表示與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反,wish后賓語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式或過去進(jìn)行式(時(shí)間上是同時(shí)的)。1)i wish(that可省略,下同)i knew the answer to the question.我希望知道這個(gè)答案。(事實(shí)上是不知道)2)i wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.但愿我的家鄉(xiāng)四季如春。(事實(shí)上不可能)3).i wish i were a bird.但愿我是只小鳥。(事實(shí)上不可能)4).when she was at the party, she wished she were at home.(wished,過去虛擬動(dòng)詞were)(事實(shí)上并不在家)5).now that he is in china, he wishes he understood chinese.(wishes,過去虛擬動(dòng)詞understood)現(xiàn)在他在中國,他希望能懂得中文。(事實(shí)上并不懂)6).when we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(事實(shí)上并不和我們?cè)谝黄?
2、對(duì)過去情況的虛擬(和過去的事實(shí)相反):wish后賓語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí),或would, could, might+現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例:
1)i wish(that可省略,下同)i hadn't wasted so much time.我后悔不該浪費(fèi)這么多時(shí)間。(事實(shí)上已浪費(fèi)了)2)he wishes he hadn't lost the chance.他真希望沒有失去機(jī)會(huì)。(其實(shí)已失去)3)we wished he had spoken to us.(事實(shí)上他并沒同我們講)4)i wish you had called earlier.(事實(shí)上已遲了)5)they will wish they had listened to us sooner.(事實(shí)上并不如此)例題分析:i wish i ______ longer this morning, but i had to get up and come to have slept have slept slept 動(dòng)詞wish后面接從句,表達(dá)不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)或與事實(shí)相反的情況時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語氣,即用過去式(表示現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作)或過去完成式(表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作)。本題后半句謂語動(dòng)詞have用的是過去時(shí)had to get up and come, 所以前面要用過去完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。所以, 選項(xiàng)a(could have slept)是答案
3)、對(duì)將來情況的虛擬(表示將來的主觀愿望):
如果wish表示對(duì)將來事情的愿望。賓語從句謂語動(dòng)詞用“would/should/could/might + 動(dòng)詞原形”(時(shí)間上較后)(請(qǐng)注意:主句和從句的主語不相同)。
1).i wish it would stop raining.我希望雨能停止。(事實(shí)上雨還在下著呢)2).i wish you would be quiet 我希望你安靜一些。(事實(shí)上那家伙還在吵著呢)3).you wished she would arrive the next day.你希望她第二天會(huì)到。(事實(shí)上她還沒到)4).i wish she would change her mind.我希望她會(huì)改變主意。(呵呵,女孩子可沒那么容易就改變主意喔)5).he will wish we would join him the following week.(只是希望我們和他在一起,實(shí)際上還沒在一起)注意:.如果將wish改為過去式wished, 其后that 從句中的動(dòng)詞形式不變。例如: i wished i hadn't spent so much money.我要是那時(shí)沒有花掉那么多錢就好了。
2.如果wish后賓語 從句中用would , 一般表示對(duì)現(xiàn)狀不滿或希望未來有所改變或請(qǐng)求 i wish he would answer my letter.i wish prices would come down.i wish you would help me.i wish you would stop asking silly questions.二、在表示建議、命令、要求、忠告等動(dòng)詞的后面的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣的用法
由于這些動(dòng)詞本身隱含說話者的主觀意見,認(rèn)為某事應(yīng)該或不應(yīng)該怎樣,這些詞語后面的“that”從句應(yīng)用虛擬語氣,且均以“should+動(dòng)詞原形”表示這種語氣,但事實(shí)上“should”常被省略,故此從句中謂語動(dòng)詞用原形,常用的此類動(dòng)詞有:
表示“要求”的:ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg 表示“提議、勸告、建議”的:move, propose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote 表示“決定、命令”的:decide, order, command, demand 表示“主張”的:maintain, urge 表示“同意、堅(jiān)持”的:consent, insist 例如:
doctor suggested that he(should)try to lose his insisted that we(should)tell him the i suggested that he(should)try shaving cream, he said, “the razor and water do the job.”(當(dāng)我建議他用刮胡膏時(shí),他說“剃刀和水就行了”。) pursued various theories for several days until i suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work.(他費(fèi)了幾天功夫?qū)ふ依碚摳鶕?jù),直到我建議拆開看看它是如何轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的。)
三、在expect, believe, think, suspect等動(dòng)詞的否定或疑問形式后的賓語從句中,我們經(jīng)常用“should+動(dòng)詞原形(或完成形式)”,表示驚奇,懷疑,不滿等。
i never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier.我們從來沒想到他是個(gè)如此勇敢的小戰(zhàn)士。
四、在would rather,would sooner,had rather,would(just)as soon,would prefer之后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣的用法
would rather , would sooner, had rather, would(just)as soon,would prefer(希望)也用來表達(dá)主觀愿望,它們之后的賓語從句中需用虛擬語氣。謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?,用過去完成式表示與過去事實(shí)相反。表示”寧愿做什么”或“對(duì)過去做的事的懊悔”。
(1).i would rather he came tomorrow than today.(2).john would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening.(3).i would rather everything hadn' t happened in the past.(4).the manager would rather his daughter did not work in the same office.經(jīng)理寧愿她女兒不與他在同一間辦公室工作。
(7).to be frank,i'd rather you were not involved in the case.坦率地說,我希望你不要卷入這件事。
(8).you don't have to be in such a hurry.i would rather you went on business first.你沒有必要這么著急,我寧愿你先去上班。
(9).i'd rather you didn't make any comment on the issue for the time being.我倒希望你暫時(shí)先不要就此事發(fā)表意見。
(10).frankly speaking,i'd rather you didn't do anything about it for the time being.坦白地說,我寧愿你現(xiàn)在對(duì)此事什么也不要做。
(11).wouldn't you rather your child went to bed early?為什么你不愿讓你的孩子早點(diǎn)上床呢?(12).i would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把這本書還了。注:若某人愿自己做某事,would rather后用動(dòng)詞原形 i would rather stay at home today. would rather...than...中用動(dòng)詞原形 i would rather stay at home than go out today.
ii:主語從句中的虛擬語氣
一、“it is(was)+形容詞(或過去分詞)+that??”結(jié)構(gòu)中的虛擬語氣的用法
在“it is(was)+形容詞(或過去分詞)+that??”結(jié)構(gòu)中,某些表示愿望、建議、請(qǐng)求、命令、可能、適當(dāng)、較好、迫切、緊近、重要等形容詞后的主語從句中的謂語也用虛擬語氣。其表達(dá)形式為should +動(dòng)詞原形或省略should直接用動(dòng)詞原形(美國英語中省去should)常用的形容詞: natural(自然的), appropriate(適當(dāng)?shù)?, advisable(合適的), preferable(更可取的), better(更好的),necessary(必須的), important(重要的), imperative(急需的), urgent(急迫的), essential(本質(zhì)的), vital(必不可少的)probable(很可能的), possible(可能的),desirable(極好的),advisable(合理的),compulsory(必須的),crucial(緊急的),desirable(理想的),essential(必要的),imperative(迫切的),incredible(驚人的),necessary(必要的),possible(可能的),strange(奇怪的),urgent(緊迫的)。
常用的過去分詞(past participle): required(需要的), demanded(要求), requested(被請(qǐng)求的), desired(要求),suggested(建議), recommended(推薦),ordered(命令) is necessary that we(should 可省略, 下同)have a walk now.2 it was necessary that we(should)make everything ready ahead of is required that nobody(should)smoke here.(表示要求不要在此抽煙) is important that every pupil(should)be able to understand the rule of school.(表示重要的是學(xué)生都能了解校規(guī))'s important that we(should)take good care of the is natural that she should do is essential that these application forms(should)be sent back as early as possible. 這些申請(qǐng)表應(yīng)盡早地寄回,這是很重要的。
is vital that enough money(should)be collected to fund the project. 重要的是募集足夠的錢,為這個(gè)項(xiàng)目提供資金。
is desired that we(should)get everything ready this evening. 希望我們今晚一切都準(zhǔn)備就緒。
注:在上述所列形容詞后面用that引出的賓語從句中,謂語動(dòng)詞也要用虛擬語氣。
10.i don't think it advisable that tom(should)be assigned to the job since he has no experiences.湯姆缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn),指派他做這項(xiàng)工作我認(rèn)為是不恰當(dāng)?shù)摹?/p>
二、在it is +名詞+that?的主語從句中的虛擬語氣
在it is +名詞+that的主語從句中,常用虛擬語氣,表示建議、命令、請(qǐng)求、道歉、懷疑、驚奇等。這類名詞有:advice,decision,desire,demand,idea,motion,order,pity,proposal, recommendation,requirement,resolution,shame,suggestion,surprise,wish,wonder等。it is my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad.我建議派他去國外進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)。iii.虛擬語氣用在表語從句或同位語從句中
當(dāng)某些表示建議、請(qǐng)求、命令等主觀意向的名詞作主語時(shí),其后的表語從句或同位語從句需用虛擬語氣,其表達(dá)形式為should +動(dòng)詞原形或直接用動(dòng)詞原形。這類名詞常見的有:
demand(要求), desire(請(qǐng)求), requirement(要求), advice(勸告), recommendation(建議), suggestion(建議)order(命令)necessity(必要地), preference(優(yōu)先)proposal(計(jì)劃), plan(計(jì)劃), idea(辦法),recommendation等。
we are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off.我們都贊成你提出的將討論延期的建議。
the suggestion that the mayor present the prizes was accepted by everyone.由市長頒發(fā)獎(jiǎng)金的建議被每個(gè)人接受。
the advice is that we(should 可省略,下同)leave at idea is that we(should)get more people to attend the conference.i make a proposal that we(should)hold a meeting next .虛擬語氣用在it is(about /high)time +that定語從句中 在it is(about/high)time +that從句中需用虛擬語氣,表示“該做??的時(shí)候了”,其動(dòng)詞形式用一般過去時(shí)或should +動(dòng)詞原形。
it's already 5 o'clock now.don't you think it's about time we went home?現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)5點(diǎn)鐘了,你不認(rèn)為我們應(yīng)該回家了嗎?
注:在this is the first time /second time that...句型中,從句中謂語動(dòng)詞用陳述語氣完成時(shí)態(tài)。例如:
is this the first time that you have visited hongkong?這是你第一次參觀香港嗎? v.虛擬語氣用在as if(as though)引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句中。
(一)在as if(as though)引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句中,常用虛擬語氣,其動(dòng)詞形式與wish后接賓語從句中的形式相同。alan talked about rome as if he were a roman.艾倫談起羅馬來好像他是個(gè)羅馬人一樣。2 he pretends as if he didn't know the thing at all, but in fact he knows it very well.(用過去式表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè))
3.the old man looked at the picture, he felt as though he had gone back to 20 years ago.(用過去完成式表示與過去相反的事實(shí))那老人看著照片,他覺得仿佛回到20年前了。
4。they talked and talked as if they would never meet again.(would + 原形動(dòng)詞meet,表示與將來事實(shí)相反)他們談了又談,仿佛他們不會(huì)再相見的樣子。
(二)虛擬語氣用在lest,for fear that及in case引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中。
在由lest等引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中需用虛擬語氣,表示“以防,以免” 等意思,其謂語動(dòng)詞多由should+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成,should也可省略。
he was punished lest he should make the same mistake again.他被處以懲罰以免他再犯。vi、虛擬語氣在條件從句中的用法: 條件從句有兩類:(1)真實(shí)條件句;(2)虛擬條件句。如果假設(shè)情況有可能發(fā)生的,就是“真實(shí)條件句”。如: if time permits, we'll go fishing together.(如果有時(shí)間的話,我們就一起去釣魚。)如果假設(shè)的情況與事實(shí)相反,則為“虛擬條件句”。如:
if it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.如果昨天下雨的話,我們就會(huì)留在家里。)
這種句子一般由“從句”(subordinate clause)和“主句”(main clause)組成。如上例:
if it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.“if it had rained yesterday” 就是“從句”;“we would have stayed at home” 則為主句。無論從句或主句的謂語都要用虛擬語氣。它們所用的動(dòng)詞有三種時(shí)態(tài)(tenses),就是: 現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)、過去時(shí)態(tài)、將來時(shí)態(tài)。
.一、與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)(事情的發(fā)生都在同一時(shí)間內(nèi)): 從句中用:if + 主語 + 動(dòng)詞的過去式(be 用 were)主句中用:主語 + would(should, could , might)+ 動(dòng)詞原形
例如: i were you, i would go with i were you, i should buy it. i had time, i would study french.(如果有時(shí)間,我會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)法文。)(從句用過去式動(dòng)詞had,主句用動(dòng)詞原形 study)
she knew english, she would not ask me for help.(如果她懂英文,她就不必要我?guī)土恕?(從句用過去式動(dòng)詞knew, 主句用動(dòng)詞原形ask)注意:如果動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行中,主句要用:“主語 + would be + 進(jìn)行式動(dòng)詞 ” they were here, he would be speaking to them now.(從句用過去式動(dòng)詞were, 主句用 would be speaking)
二、與過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)(假設(shè)從句的事實(shí)為過去的事): 從句用:if + 主語 + had +過去完成式動(dòng)詞
主句用:主語 + would(should, could, might)+ have +過去完成式動(dòng)詞 +?? you had studied harder last term, you could have passed exam.(從句動(dòng)詞用had studied, 主句動(dòng)詞用have passed)如果你在上個(gè)學(xué)期用功一些,你就會(huì)在考試中過關(guān)了。
you had taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the exam.(從句動(dòng)詞用had taken, 主句動(dòng)詞用have failed)如果你當(dāng)時(shí)聽從我的勸告的話,你就不會(huì)在考試中失敗了。
you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train.(從句動(dòng)詞用had got up, 主句動(dòng)詞用 have caught)如果你起身得早一點(diǎn),你就會(huì)趕得上火車了。
it had snowed, i would have skied in the park.(從句動(dòng)詞用had snowed, 主句動(dòng)詞用 have skied)如果下雪的話,我就可在公園里滑雪了。
注意:如果動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行中,主句要用:“主語 + would + have + 完成進(jìn)行式動(dòng)詞 they had been here, he would have been speaking to them.(從句動(dòng)詞用had been, 主句動(dòng)詞用 have been speaking)
三、與將來的事實(shí)可能相反(對(duì)將來的事實(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性不大): 句:if + 主語 + should(或were)+ 動(dòng)詞原形 +??
句:主語 + would(could, should, might)+ 動(dòng)詞原形 +?? it should rain, the crops would be saved.(從句動(dòng)詞用should rain,主句動(dòng)詞用 be)如果天下雨,莊稼可能就收獲了。
he were to go tomorrow, he might tell you.(從句動(dòng)詞用were to, 主句動(dòng)詞用 tell)如果明天他走的話,他可能會(huì)告訴你。
he were here, i would give him the books.(從句動(dòng)詞用 were, 主句動(dòng)詞用 give)如果他在這兒,我可能會(huì)把書給他。
注意:如果動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行中,從句(不是主句喔)要用:”if + 主語 + 過去進(jìn)行式動(dòng)詞+??“ she were staying here now, i would let her ride my horse.(從句動(dòng)詞用 were staying, 主句動(dòng)詞用 let)如果她現(xiàn)在留在這兒,我可能會(huì)讓她騎我的馬。
從句的 if 有時(shí)可省略,那么從句中的動(dòng)詞(were, had, should)就得移到主語前面: 1.原句:if she were younger, she would do it.去if:were she younger, she would do it.(把動(dòng)詞were移到主語she的前面)2.原句:if he had tried it, he could have done it.去if:had he tried it, he could have done it.(把had移到主語he的前面)
四、錯(cuò)綜條件句(混合型條件句)中虛擬語氣的用法有時(shí)虛擬條件句的從句和主句的動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作時(shí)態(tài)會(huì)不一致:
(一)從句表示過去,主句表示將來:
if they had started the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.(二)從句表示將來,主句表示過去:
if i were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon, i would have gone to see the film with you last night.(三)從句表示過去,主句表示將來: if we hadn't made adequate preparations, we shouldn't dare to do the experiment next week.(四)從句表示將來,主句表示現(xiàn)在:
if we shouldn't have an exam this afternoon, i would go shopping now.(五)省略了條件句的虛擬語氣的用法(隱含型條件句)
有時(shí)候句中省略了條件句,而用 without / but for / in the absence of ”要不是“、”如果沒有",表示條件虛擬句:
t air, nothing could live.要是沒有空氣,什么也不能生存。
for your assistance, we could not accomplish it.要不是你的幫忙,我們是難有成就的。
the absence of water and air, nothing could live.如果沒有水和空氣,什么也不能生存。
the exercises for subjunctive mood
acted ____ he had never lived in china though if 2.____ to the doctor right away, he might have been he went re he gone he have gone he gone you were older, i ____ you to go there yesterday. allow allow have allowed allowed secretary suggested that they ____ the men in at once. brought have brought t 5.i wish i ____ able to tell him all about it last re been be we ____ here ten minutes earlier, we ___ the d/would catch d/would have caught arrived/had caught arrived/would have caught i ____ more time, i would have gone with had had have was very busy yesterday, otherwise he ____ to the come have come come jade emperor ordered that the monkey king _____ right be arrested be arrested arrested to be arrested 's uncle insisted ____ in this hotel any staying to stay he not stay g not 't touch the sleeping he woke up, he _____ come to come at have come toward come to t electricity human life _____ quite different be have been be i wish i ____ to repair the watch!i only made it worse. tried n't tried tried 't try demanded that the laboratory report ___ immediately after the experiment was written written be written be written man insisted that he _____ send be sent sent 1 he had not gone out in the storm __ will be alive now would be alive now would have been alive now 1 it ___ tomorrow, what would we do? re to rain rain is required that you ____ at six. arrive d arrive only i _____ how to operate an electronic computer as you known know know spoke in a quiet, distinct voice, as though his thought far away been far away re far away far away.2 it ___ rain, we ___ get to, should re to, would re going to, would going to, should 2 he ___ to the teacher attentively, he ___ the answer to the problem now. listened, would have known ed, would know ed, would have known listened, would know for the party, he ___ of hunger 30 years have died die have died die 24.___ today, he would got there for he leaving re he to leave he leave he leaves 25.i would have come earlier, but i ___ that you were waiting for ’t know n’t know have known ’t known ’s high time that we ___ to to go seems as if it ___ rain. going to to going to 28.i’d rather you ___ right leave leave is working hard for fear that he fail is really strange that the girl ___ so been married married married marry ing i ___ this gift, what would he say? ed accept accept teacher agreed to the suggestion that the students ___ two weeks to prepare for the give given be given 33.i was busy yesterday, otherwise i ___ your birthday ed attended attend have attended insisted that he ___ me see seen two strangers talked as if they ___ friends for be been been ___ our lives had it not been for the have lost lose lose have lost 37.----i thought you would come back tomorrow.----i would if i ___ to attend a ’t have ’t have not have not have 3 wishes ___ doesn’t always make isn’t always making didn’t always make wouldn’t always making ___ very nice if only it were possible. be be t your help, our team ___ the last ’t win lose ’t have won ’t win 41.i wish ___ i what to known know 42.___, i would take an umbrella with i been you b.i were you re i you d.i had been you i had hurried, i ___ the catch catch have caught caught insisted that john ___ do is high time we ___ re be felt as if he ___ more time to study for the re needed is important that i ___ with ns speak speak wishes he ___ the football game instead of the been seen seen 49.i wish left leaves me alone be left would leave me alone i had known that, i ___ ’t do n’t have done ’t do not done 5 doctor suggested that she ___. not smoke smoke not smoke not smoke i ___ you, i wouldn’t return thetalk as if you ___ really really been really been really be suggested that the work ___ at started be started started be started 5 is strange that such a thing ___ in your school. happen happen ed is imperative that you ___ on be be 57.i didn’t go to the party, but i do wish i ___ re been 5 is time we ___ up our sum sum the doctor had been available, the child not die not have died not die not have died e worked hard as if he had felt tired never felt tired felt tired tired never 61.i enjoyed the movie very much.i wish i ___ the book from which it was read read have read reading are you ___ a few minutes earlier, you ___ / would meet come/ would have met / will meet come/ would met 63.i wish my husband ___ as well as yours. dressed dress d kept phosphorus carefully in a bottle lest it burn burning burn looked as if he ___ ill for a long re been been the doctor had come earlier, the poor child not have been lied there for two hours not have laid there for two hours not have lied there for two hours not have lain there for two hours 67.i wish that i ___ with you last go gone have gone ’s say you could go there again, how ___ feel? you you you you left for london long ’s pity.i wish ___.a.i meet him.b.i’ll have met him c.i’d had met him d.i’d meet him 70.i can’t stand always talks as though he ___ known known 71.i wish i ___. tell him that ’t tell him that him not that not told him that you had told me in advance, i ___ him at the meet had meet have met have meet can take his car apart and put it back together again.i certainly wish he ___ me s teach taught teach 74.i would have told him the answer had it been possible but i ___ so busy then. been re be 75.i wish i ___ able to tell him all about it last be re been it ___ another ten minutes, the game would have been called rained had rained seen see suggested that they ___ use a trick instead offather did not go to new york;the doctor suggested that he ___ went ’t go go to go 79.i would have gone to the meeting if i ___ had had have had wished will study more had studied more studies won’t have studied more look so tired is time you to sleep to sleep to bed to bed 82.“why didn’t you buy a new car?” “i would have bought one if i ___ enough money.” had have had 83.i recommended that the student ___ his composition as soon as ing writing finish the writing writing ed writing 8 she could sew, make a dress would have made a shirt will make a shirt would had made a coat 85.___ today, he would get there by he leave he leaving re he to leave he leaves doctor suggested that he ___ a short trip take take bakers arrived last night, if they’d only let us know earlier, ___ at the ’d meet them ’ll meet them ’d have met them ’ve met them i __ you, i ___ more attention to english idioms and / shall pay / will pay be/ would pay / would pay might have failed if you ___ us a helping not given not give not given not give law requires that everyone ___ his car checked at least once a have 91.i wish ___ i busy yesterday;i could have helped you with the ’t been ’t n’t not been i known her name, does she know mine? where does she live? would be beautiful d.i would have invited her to lunch has just arrived, but he talks as if he ___ all about n i ___ the money, i would have bought a much bigger sed had 95.i wish i ___ a young man re be librarian insists that john ___ no more books from the library before he returns all the books he had borrowed. take ok 97.i left very early last night, but i wish i ___ so ’t n’t left n’t left n’t leave 98.i do not have a job.i would find one but i ___ no ’t have had 99.i wish that you ___ such a bad headache because i’m sure that you would have enjoyed the concert.n’t ’t have had ’t had n’t have insisted that we all ___ in his office at one o’ be be be couldn’t got to france after ’s too bad, i’m sure she would have enjoyed it if ’s gone ’ll go ’d gone ’d go 102.i must go there has suggested that i ___ an hour before the discussion go go go her husband had not liked the dress would be delighted would get mad would have returned it must have taken it back to the store i ___ you, i ___ / wouldn’t / wouldn’t / would have / would ___ delighted if the report ___ / were be/ were be/ were / would be he ___ here, he ___ been/ would have helped have been/ should have helped re/ had helped have been/ would had helped i ___ so busy, i ___ the lecture that not be/ should attend not/ should have attend not/ would attend not been/ would have attended i ___ the way to new york, i / would drive / will drive / would have drive known/ would drive for the leadership of our party, we n’t succeed not have succeed not succeed not have succeeded ___ the train if you ___ a little take/ started have taken/ had started take/ had started have taken / started
key to the subjunctive mood exercises: 1.a 2.d 3.c 4.d 5.c 6.d 7.b 8.c 9.c 10.c 11.b 12.d 13.b 14.b 15.d 16.c 17.b 18.b 19.d 20.b 21.b 22.d 23.a 24.b 25.a 26.b 27.b 28.b 29.d 30.c 31.b 32.c 33.d 34.c 35.d 36.a 37.b 38.c 39.b 40.c 41.a 42.c 43.c 44.a 45.b 46.c 47.a 48.d 49.d 50.b 51.b 52.d 53.c 54.d 55.c 56.c 57.c 58.b 59.b 60.b 61.b 62.b 63.d 64.d 65.d 66.d 67.d 68.c 69.c 70.a 71.d 72.c 73.d 74.c 75.c 76.a 77.a 78.c 79.a 80.b 81.d 82.d 83.c 84.b 85.c 86.c 87.c 88.d 89.c 90.c 91.a 92.d 93.d 94.d 95.c 96.c 97.b 98.d 99.c 100.a 101.c 102.a 103.c 104.a 105.c 106.a 107.d 108.a 109.d 110.b
高中英語語法虛擬語氣教案英文篇四
談加強(qiáng)高中英語語法教學(xué)
廣東省江門市江海中學(xué)
楊開森
一、高中英語語法的重要性
高中英語教學(xué)的目的,是對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行聽、說。讀、寫的基本訓(xùn)練,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生在口頭上和書面上初步運(yùn)用英語的能力,側(cè)重培養(yǎng)閱讀能力,為進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)和運(yùn)用切實(shí)打好基礎(chǔ)。雖說外語教學(xué)重在實(shí)踐和運(yùn)用,外語水平的提高主要靠大量的實(shí)踐和應(yīng)用。然而,在非英語環(huán)境進(jìn)行英語教學(xué),實(shí)踐和運(yùn)用英語的機(jī)會(huì)相對(duì)較少,尤其是初中以后的階段,學(xué)生聽、說、讀、寫、譯能力的提高(特別是這些方面的準(zhǔn)確性)都必須以詞匯為磚石,以語法為架構(gòu)。了解英語國家語言文化背景,懂得英語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣,則可以借助語法這一架構(gòu)運(yùn)用詞匯進(jìn)行正確的聽、說、讀、寫、譯,從而全面提高運(yùn)用英語的能力。而語法中的詞法對(duì)詞匯的記憶、鞏固與擴(kuò)大無疑是一種作用巨大的摧化劑。現(xiàn)在中學(xué)英語教學(xué)采用新教材,從內(nèi)容到教學(xué)方法都作了重大改革。通過大量的信息輸入,盡量多的聽、說、讀、寫訓(xùn)練,旨在迅速提高學(xué)生運(yùn)用英語的能力;而在語法學(xué)習(xí)方面,則通過多次反復(fù)訓(xùn)練某一語法項(xiàng)目的方法,旨在牢記掌握它,以便運(yùn)用它進(jìn)行正確的聽、說、讀、寫、譯,從而提高英語水平。英語語法是高中英語教學(xué)不可忽視的部分,掌握英語語法是迅速提高學(xué)生英語能力的必要手段。
二、初中畢業(yè)生英語語法水平的現(xiàn)狀
幾年來,初中英語采用了人教版或沿海版新教材,聽、說方面有了很大的加強(qiáng)學(xué)生這兩方面的能力有了較大的提高,然而在讀、寫方面,雖然新教材較舊教材增加了很多讀、寫訓(xùn)練的內(nèi)容,并且把閱讀訓(xùn)練作為重要的教學(xué)部分,但總體上學(xué)生在兩方面的能力的提高卻不太明顯,甚至要略差于以往采用舊教材的學(xué)生的水平。這對(duì)高中英語教學(xué)極為不利,還會(huì)影響到學(xué)生高考的英語成績——一讀、寫部分始終都是英語高考中的重臺(tái)戲。導(dǎo)致這樣的結(jié)果,主要是學(xué)生對(duì)所學(xué)的語法知識(shí)掌握得不好,沒能把語法知識(shí)應(yīng)用在途、寫方面得緣故。主要表現(xiàn)有以下幾種情況:第一,學(xué)生對(duì)基本概念不清,意義不明。初中學(xué)了三年英語,英語成績屬中上水平的有相當(dāng)多的學(xué)生連什么是及物動(dòng)詞、不及物動(dòng)詞,什么是連系動(dòng)詞、冠詞、介詞,什么是表語、賓語、狀語都搞不懂;名詞。形容詞、副詞等常用詞性在句中的主要
作用亦不知。缺乏起碼的詞法知識(shí)。第二,學(xué)生對(duì)基本句法不過關(guān)。對(duì)“現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)、過去將來時(shí)等常用時(shí)態(tài),他們有些意識(shí),但一問起其構(gòu)成,相當(dāng)多學(xué)生模糊不清,或答錯(cuò),或答不上來,與之相應(yīng)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu),則更甚之。第三,由于上述基礎(chǔ)問題,學(xué)生運(yùn)用語法知識(shí)解決問題的能力甚是低下。聽與說暫且不說。閱讀方面,沒能根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)推測(cè)事情發(fā)生是在過去、現(xiàn)在還是將來,沒能根據(jù)語態(tài)來斷定敘述的中心。稍長的句子,即使沒有主詞也不枉怎樣分析它的結(jié)構(gòu),理解不了其意思,句子翻譯僅是套漢語結(jié)構(gòu)。漢譯英,不辨詞性、形式,僅把與漢語表面意義對(duì)應(yīng)的英語單詞按漢語句子的順序一路排列;英譯漢則反之,遇不通順,則茫然不知所為,或亂猜一通。造句、作文更多的是不辨時(shí)態(tài),翻譯題目要求、內(nèi)容,散不成句,一蹋糊涂。所有這些都是語法最基本的知 識(shí)不掌握的體現(xiàn)一三.新教材語法內(nèi)容的編寫和教師語法教學(xué)上 的存在問題。
新教材每一單元都有專項(xiàng)語法學(xué)習(xí)與訓(xùn)練,并且練習(xí)冊(cè)中還有大
量的練習(xí)來掌握語法知識(shí)并應(yīng)用到聽、說、讀、寫中去。這正確的,也是掌握語法知識(shí)的傳統(tǒng)辦法.但語法教學(xué)方法多種多樣,教材中語
法學(xué)習(xí)一律采用鋪述—一練習(xí)一復(fù)勻?;練習(xí)的辦法,未免太單
調(diào)了。雖說教材全部用英語編寫可加強(qiáng)學(xué)生英語意識(shí),但學(xué)生資質(zhì)有
別,經(jīng)過
一、兩年的學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生英語水平差別很大,占比例不小的中
下水平學(xué)生很難跟得上全英語教材內(nèi)容的進(jìn)度;再說,成績較好的學(xué)
生都會(huì)對(duì)語法學(xué)習(xí)感到困難,何況全英語法。教參上是提供了語法項(xiàng)
目的教學(xué)方法,教師課前也應(yīng)結(jié)合學(xué)習(xí)實(shí)際情況,聯(lián)系以前所學(xué)找出
適當(dāng)?shù)慕虒W(xué)方法,擔(dān)一切方法都得在課堂上詳細(xì)傳授,學(xué)生也要做好 筆記方能更利于掌握知識(shí)。弱教材上曾加一些關(guān)鍵性的解釋性漢語詞
句,可降低難度,學(xué)生亦可退過自己閱讀而理解,亦便于其復(fù)習(xí)。若
加上教師適當(dāng)?shù)难a(bǔ)充講解或換方法的講解,理解燁記憶—一練習(xí)一
復(fù)習(xí)的方法更易于掌握語法知識(shí)。盡管課本后面附有語法綜合內(nèi)容,但課文中穿插上述內(nèi)容并非多余。課文中的將語法逐一講解,利于學(xué)
生各個(gè)擊破;附錄部分語法則是歸納綜合,讓學(xué)生有整體感,便于整體復(fù)習(xí)與查閱。另外,在象mrd幻udy $詞法學(xué)習(xí)方面,亦需作同樣的加強(qiáng)。還有,課本中有些語法吶要求掌握的深度與廣度沒有明確的規(guī)定,也給語法教學(xué)帶來不便。例如,關(guān)于定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞的選擇,若先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞修飾,5!導(dǎo)詞用that,不用加ich或。h山 這一點(diǎn),教綱、課本與教參均未提及,給人的感覺是這一規(guī)定己隨著英語的發(fā)展而消失,但練習(xí)冊(cè)里lesson 32當(dāng)中一道題 this is the best film has be,n sm。n this rear.(要求用。hich、that或who填空),給出的答案卻是唯一的,—一that。這又要求人們必須遵循這條規(guī)則。
另一方面,教師普遍對(duì)教材、教綱的理解與語法教學(xué)的指導(dǎo)思想有偏差。新教材強(qiáng)調(diào)以大量輸入信息來使學(xué)生獲得知識(shí)、培養(yǎng)學(xué)生技能,同時(shí)十分強(qiáng)調(diào)聽與說的訓(xùn)練。教學(xué)重點(diǎn)較舊教材有所分散、轉(zhuǎn)移。因之,不少教師認(rèn)為現(xiàn)代英語教學(xué)只是大量地進(jìn)行聽、說、讀、寫的訓(xùn)練,不斷進(jìn)行復(fù)習(xí)與練習(xí),忽略了語法教學(xué),不把語法教學(xué)擺在適當(dāng)?shù)闹匾恢蒙?,必然不?huì)去深研究語法教學(xué)方法,教學(xué)效果必然低下。語法就象一張篩,語法掌握不全面,不牢固,網(wǎng)篩便會(huì)疏松,甚至有一個(gè)個(gè)的大漏洞,那么,大量輸入的信息很容易地漏篩而過,英語的教學(xué)效果必然不理想。不少學(xué)主反映,單詞記好了,練習(xí)也做了不少,擔(dān)英語成績卻不好。聽,只運(yùn)員多單詞,詞意
串不起來;說,錯(cuò)漏百出;讀,單詞都進(jìn),但句意段意不明,讀不下去;寫,僅知堆砌單詞,顛三倒四,潰不成句、文,能力甚是低下。其原因往往在于此。可見,中學(xué)英語教學(xué)必須重視語法教學(xué),并且方法要靈活多變,要恰當(dāng),加強(qiáng)語法教學(xué)的力度與教學(xué)效果。
四.加強(qiáng)語法教學(xué)的途徑。
首先,中學(xué)英語教材應(yīng)加強(qiáng)語法方面的編寫。如前所述。在課文 中增加關(guān)鍵性的漢語解說,尤其是高中英語語法部分。
其次,教師必須正確認(rèn)識(shí)語法在中學(xué)英語中發(fā)教學(xué)地位,思想上 首先重視語法教學(xué)。同時(shí)把語法的重要性浸透到整個(gè)教學(xué)中去,讓學(xué) 生也意識(shí)到語法學(xué)習(xí)的重要性。
第三,提高教師自身的語法理論水平。相應(yīng)級(jí)別的中學(xué)英語教師 的聽、說、讀、寫、譯綜合英語水平大都較好t但在語法,尤其是詞法方面往往把握不大,對(duì)英語語法理解研究水平不高。很多教師對(duì)很多語法知識(shí)只知其然,不知其所以然。教學(xué)上很難處理的也是語法方面的問題具多,甚至被學(xué)生問倒的問題也往往出在這方面。因此,教師必須加強(qiáng)自身語法知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)、提高,將語法知識(shí)融會(huì)貫通,并使之系統(tǒng)化;加強(qiáng)理論研究,盡量多地弄懂語法知識(shí)的前因后果,提高
理論水平,只有這樣,才能揮灑自如地傳授好語法知識(shí)。
第四,教師尤其要注意語法知識(shí)的學(xué)以至用和教學(xué)方法的靈活多變。語法教學(xué)不是目的,只是手段。通過語法教學(xué)。讓學(xué)生掌握語法知識(shí)并運(yùn)用到聽、說、讀、寫中去解決問題,提高技能,提高英語水平。語法教學(xué)是英語教學(xué)較難部分,且教學(xué)起來往往給人以枯燥無味的感覺,若只是為了語法而教學(xué)語法,加上一味地平鋪直敘地灌輸,教學(xué)起來將會(huì)越來越乏味,也很容易導(dǎo)致鉆牛角尖,鉆進(jìn)死胡同,教
學(xué)效果必然很差。這樣,即使讓學(xué)生掌握了一定的語法知識(shí),他們不太懂得應(yīng)用,其個(gè)方面技能和英語綜合水平也不會(huì)由多大提高。有不少學(xué)生反映,所學(xué)的語法結(jié)構(gòu)都憧,但用起來就亂;考起來就是不行。問題大都出在語法的學(xué)與用不結(jié)合。因此,語法教學(xué)目的必須明確,并要在邊學(xué)邊用中體現(xiàn)其作用。教師必須在教授語法知識(shí),復(fù)習(xí)、練習(xí)鞏固的同時(shí),通過句篇實(shí)質(zhì)性材料,分析當(dāng)中的語法,從而理解、應(yīng)用句篇,達(dá)到交際目的。再說邊學(xué)邊用還大大降低語法教學(xué)的枯燥 性,提高語法教學(xué)效果。
語法教學(xué)原則是精講多練。方法是多種多練,靈活機(jī)動(dòng)的,這主 要在講與練的方式上。對(duì)較簡單的語法項(xiàng)b??刹捎弥睌ⅰ痪毩?xí)法,即先交代簡要的規(guī)則,然后便是大量的句型操練。如初教祈使句,簡明扼要地講明祈使句(否定與肯定)的構(gòu)成mon’t)十動(dòng)詞原形,旬未用句號(hào)或感嘆號(hào),無時(shí)態(tài)、人稱與數(shù)的變化;表達(dá)命令要求,請(qǐng)求或勸告等,并著重指出析使句中第二人稱主語匯常水表達(dá)出來,即不使用you。它后便可進(jìn)行大量的操練。對(duì)較簡單但較鎖碎的語法 項(xiàng)目,最好用歸納法。教師先寫出體現(xiàn)該項(xiàng)語法的句子,然后引導(dǎo) 學(xué)生理解句意與結(jié)構(gòu)。歸納出有關(guān)語法規(guī)則,再進(jìn)行句型操練。學(xué)了某方面的語法也應(yīng)對(duì)這方面的語法規(guī)則作全面的綜合歸納。如學(xué)了被動(dòng)語態(tài)就應(yīng)歸納被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用途,對(duì)比各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)以及象帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,帶 be g燈 to等特殊的被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)。某些用法較多的語法項(xiàng)目也要在適當(dāng)時(shí)候?qū)ζ溥M(jìn)行歸納,歸納語法規(guī)則的目的,是使學(xué)生在進(jìn)一步的練習(xí)中減少盲目性,提高語言的正確性。因此,歸納要及時(shí),要抓住要點(diǎn),簡明扼要。
對(duì)比異同是語法教學(xué)常用手法,尤其總結(jié)構(gòu)成意義上相近的語法內(nèi)容;同義詞,近義詞,反義詞等詞語學(xué)習(xí)則更是離不開這一辦法。讓學(xué)生理解異同,明白實(shí)質(zhì),有助于學(xué)生準(zhǔn)確記憶和正確運(yùn)用語法。如比較一般過去時(shí)與過去完成時(shí),一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的異同,對(duì)比結(jié)構(gòu)。ill十動(dòng)詞原形,begoing to,be。bollt to do及加 to do等意義,用法上的異同。
語法固然不可不加區(qū)別地作繁雜的講解,尤其是非經(jīng)常使用語法,但對(duì)于較常用而又復(fù)雜難解,難記的內(nèi)容,有必要進(jìn)行結(jié)合實(shí)際的、究因追源的深入研究。如表示位置的介詞in,on,at在“猴子在樹上”,“人在河中河里(游泳丁’,u輪船在海中(航行*’等表達(dá)中的使用,只有結(jié)合實(shí)際分析,說明前因后果,學(xué)生方能明白,記清,并舉一反三,正確使用方位介詞in。n與at的用法。又如,結(jié)構(gòu)與
意義均很容易混淆不清的 have十名詞/代詞十v葉,hsve十名詞/代詞十過去分詞及
have十名詞/代詞十不帶而不定式。著只是直接簡單地講各結(jié)構(gòu)分別表示何意義,·不管操練多少遍仍有相當(dāng)多學(xué)生對(duì) 比三個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)混淆不清,不能正確運(yùn)用。但若通過深入分析結(jié)構(gòu)(句型中賓語及賓語補(bǔ)足語表達(dá)的異同\講清非謂語壇動(dòng)詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語的句法意義(過去分詞表示動(dòng)作完成和被動(dòng)意義,v手 表示正在進(jìn)
行,不定式表示未來動(dòng)作x說清句型中賓語與賓語補(bǔ)足益的具體關(guān)系,讓學(xué)生明白各結(jié)構(gòu)為什么會(huì)表達(dá)不同的意義,不同意義又如何用不同的結(jié)構(gòu)來表達(dá),則問題迎刃而解,日后用錯(cuò)的情況就少多了。在語法教學(xué)上要做到這一點(diǎn),則要求教師對(duì)各復(fù)雜語法項(xiàng)目作經(jīng)常性的深入研究。
語法規(guī)則既有成整體的,也有零散的;對(duì)于包多萬象的語言,語法規(guī)則既有其全面性,又有很多例外之處。零散的規(guī)則,例外的內(nèi)容難于記憶掌握,不便正確應(yīng)用,這是整個(gè)語法教學(xué)的難點(diǎn)之一。對(duì)于這類問題,應(yīng)用深入研究,總結(jié)規(guī)律的辦法。把它們深加工成簡明扼要的,有規(guī)律的新規(guī)則。如,以f或fe結(jié)尾的可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,有些直接加 s,有些要改f或fe為ye再加 s,沒有規(guī)律可循,記憶上很令人混亂不清,頭痛極了。我通過分析這些詞,把要改f或fe“為ye再加s的常用詞的詞義反復(fù)拼湊出一句順口溜——一英勇的妻子(*i*e)親自(*nesel)拿刀(knife)把狼(*。iy)趕走,救回小牛(calf)半(half)條命(life),又把躲在樹葉(leaf)
里的小偷門hief)抓到。又如,動(dòng)詞之后的賓語補(bǔ)足語用不定式表示時(shí),此不定式往往往是帶t。的,但也有不少是例外的。怎樣記住這些常
用的動(dòng)詞呢?把這些詞分析,將其按詞義分類、組合,我發(fā)覺可用“一、二、三、四”口訣來幫助記憶。一“感”(feel),二“聽”(hear,listento),三“讓”(let,make,have),四“看”(see。atch,look at,no ti c)。采用這種辦法,可使很多語法內(nèi)容的教學(xué)效果非同一般。除了使學(xué)生容易地掌握有關(guān)語法內(nèi)容外,還增加語法教學(xué)的趣味性,提高學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語的興趣。當(dāng)然,從無規(guī)律到有規(guī)律絕不是易事,它要求教課之外付出許多時(shí)間與精力來思考與研究,或大量地看書閱報(bào)汲取他人總結(jié)出來的規(guī)律與經(jīng)驗(yàn)運(yùn)用于教學(xué)上。另外,課堂上,教師也應(yīng)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生自己總結(jié)規(guī)律,使他們既有好的學(xué)習(xí)效果,又養(yǎng)成勤學(xué)多思的好習(xí)慣。
語法教學(xué)的方式方法多種多樣,應(yīng)靈活運(yùn)用。不同的項(xiàng)目,不同的學(xué)生用不同的方法,甚至兩法、多法并舉.在教學(xué)過程中還應(yīng)不斷總結(jié),以取得更多更有效的方法。
最后,加強(qiáng)語法教學(xué)還需要注意的是,語法的練習(xí)鞏固。句型操練要有情景、有意義。要盡可能減少枯燥乏味的機(jī)械訓(xùn)練。所舉例句、短文應(yīng)盡可能地接近現(xiàn)實(shí)生活,最好是身邊有趣的人或事,還可借助實(shí)物、圖片、動(dòng)作、表。清等手段創(chuàng)造情景。語法結(jié)構(gòu)與句、段意義緊·密結(jié)合,從而更好更快地掌握其結(jié)構(gòu)與和用法,起到發(fā)展聽、說、讀、寫的基本技能,提高運(yùn)用英語進(jìn)行交際的能力。
附參考書目:
中國人民教育出版社、英國朗文出版集團(tuán)有限公司合編,人 民教育出版社出版初中 英語》第一、第二、第三冊(cè),高中《英語》 第一、第二冊(cè)學(xué)生用書以及相應(yīng)的教師用書;
《實(shí)用英語交際語法》(熊建衡、趙織要編著,上海譯文出 版社出版)
高中英語語法虛擬語氣教案英文篇五
語法教學(xué)是高中英語教學(xué)活動(dòng)中的一個(gè)重要組成部分,關(guān)于下面是小編為大家整理的高中英語語法教學(xué)反思,希望對(duì)大家有所幫助。
高中英語語法教學(xué)反思篇一
一、高中英語教學(xué)語法教學(xué)之現(xiàn)狀
新頒布的英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)指出:“此次英語課程改革的重點(diǎn)就是要改變英語教學(xué)過分重視語法和詞匯知識(shí)的講解與傳授、忽視對(duì)學(xué)生實(shí)際語言運(yùn)用能力的培養(yǎng)的傾向,……”。在實(shí)施新課改的今天,隨著課程改革的深化,高中英語閱讀課和對(duì)話課成為改革研究的重點(diǎn),并探索了一些新的教學(xué)模式,取得了一定的成就,但是高中英語語法教學(xué)改革卻無人問津,似乎“談?wù)Z法色變”。由于對(duì)高中英語語法教學(xué)改革片面、膚淺的認(rèn)識(shí),只一味強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)生語言交際能力的培養(yǎng),誤認(rèn)為現(xiàn)在的中學(xué)英語教學(xué)中語言基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)教學(xué)特別是語法教學(xué)已經(jīng)不重要了,部分教師甚至簡單地認(rèn)為實(shí)施新課標(biāo)就是淡化語法教學(xué),淡化就是不必重視。故而出現(xiàn)像杭州市某高級(jí)中學(xué)高一某教改實(shí)驗(yàn)班的英語教師幾乎每節(jié)課讓學(xué)生會(huì)話教學(xué)現(xiàn)象:起初,該班學(xué)生熱情高漲,為了保護(hù)學(xué)生的積極性,教師對(duì)學(xué)生會(huì)話中的錯(cuò)誤盡量少指出,常常以“good!;you are clever”.來鼓勵(lì)他們多說,然而,一年下來,不少學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn),自己不但口語沒有什么提高,而且成績遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)落后于非實(shí)驗(yàn)班學(xué)生。其結(jié)果是實(shí)驗(yàn)僅歷時(shí)一年,該班學(xué)生對(duì)高一階段的語法概念模糊,老師很少引導(dǎo)學(xué)生借助語法正確理解句子,影響了學(xué)生對(duì)語言材料全面,正確的理解,也阻礙了學(xué)生獲取語言材料的內(nèi)含信息,進(jìn)而影響了高二、高三的學(xué)習(xí)效果,致使高考成績很不理想。
中學(xué)英語語法教學(xué)之必要性
對(duì)于語法在英語語言教學(xué)中的地位,我們要對(duì)其應(yīng)有質(zhì)的認(rèn)識(shí),語言學(xué)家認(rèn)為,語法是語言發(fā)生作用的框架;沒有語法,人們公認(rèn)的交流思想形式就沒有一致性,就無法組織語言,人們也就無法進(jìn)行交流。實(shí)踐性強(qiáng)的語言知識(shí),特別是語法知識(shí),可使學(xué)生越學(xué)越明白,越學(xué)越容易,越學(xué)越輕松,從而能激發(fā)學(xué)生深層的、持久的學(xué)習(xí)興趣。語法教學(xué)在任何情況下、任何階段都不能淡化(胡春洞,2002)??梢钥闯?,現(xiàn)在的中學(xué)語法教學(xué)不是簡單的淡化問題,而是改變認(rèn)識(shí)和教法的問題。“改變過分強(qiáng)調(diào)語法的講解與傳授的傾向”就是教授語法不是最終目的,而是學(xué)習(xí)語言的有效手段,其最終目的不是簡單地讓學(xué)生記住一些語言規(guī)則,而是將語言的形式與其意義、交際功能有機(jī)的結(jié)合起來,通過在實(shí)際的語言運(yùn)用中去內(nèi)化語言規(guī)則,從而達(dá)到學(xué)生能準(zhǔn)確運(yùn)用語言進(jìn)行有效交際的目的。因?yàn)橹袊鴮W(xué)生不可能像以英語為母語的學(xué)習(xí)者那樣的學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境,不可能在平時(shí)、在課外獲得充分足夠的英語語言的影響,而去內(nèi)化其語言規(guī)則,進(jìn)而形成自然習(xí)得英語。中國學(xué)生的英語學(xué)習(xí)主要得通過有意識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí),而學(xué)習(xí)掌握基礎(chǔ)英語語法規(guī)則可以幫助學(xué)習(xí)者較快地掌握語言形式。什么是“語法”?“grammar ──-rules for forming words and combining them into sentences.”(《牛津高階英漢詞典》)正因?yàn)檎Z法揭示了詞形變化和遣詞造句的規(guī)律,所以說,學(xué)習(xí)語法有助于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生正確理解英語和準(zhǔn)確運(yùn)用英語的能力,可以使中國學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)英語過程中少走彎路,對(duì)英語學(xué)習(xí)者來說,是一條學(xué)習(xí)英語的捷徑。
人類學(xué)習(xí)任何知識(shí),都企圖在所接觸的事物發(fā)展中發(fā)現(xiàn)秩序,尋找規(guī)律。尋求秩序是人類的一個(gè)天性。人的大腦在吸收了新的信息后,原有的知識(shí)系統(tǒng)必然發(fā)生重組(restructuring)。學(xué)習(xí)外語與學(xué)習(xí)其它任何知識(shí)一樣,整個(gè)過程是一個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)規(guī)律、尋求規(guī)律,并對(duì)原有規(guī)律進(jìn)行重組的過程。詞義、句法規(guī)則和語用知識(shí)的重組,無一不在影響著學(xué)習(xí)者整個(gè)外語知識(shí)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展和完善。重組過程中,某種知識(shí)發(fā)展成為一種技巧,又逐漸成為一種常規(guī)(routine)。通過實(shí)踐,技巧和常規(guī)形成了一種自動(dòng)的(automatic)過程,成為一種能力(proficiency)。
widdowson(1992)在一次演講中指出,語言由兩部分內(nèi)容組成,一部分是綜合的,憶中的詞塊(1exical chunks);另一部分是分析性的語法規(guī)則。語法在語言中起的是調(diào)節(jié)性的作用,但是這一功能必不可少。不學(xué)語法是不可能真正學(xué)會(huì)一種語言的。
事實(shí)上是,正因?yàn)橛⒄Z教學(xué)在中國是屬于foreign 1anguage的范疇,大多數(shù)學(xué)生在離開課堂之后并沒有多少聽說英語的機(jī)會(huì),他們十分缺少環(huán)境英語的反復(fù)刺激,所以大多數(shù)教師在課堂上仍然非常注重語法教學(xué),這一現(xiàn)象越到高年級(jí)越普遍,越是畢業(yè)班越普遍。那些學(xué)習(xí)“許國章英語”和“薄冰、章振邦語法”出身的學(xué)生,英語功底扎實(shí),閱讀能力強(qiáng),表面上看他們聽說能力差一點(diǎn),但實(shí)際上他們一旦有了良好的外語交際環(huán)境,如出國深造半年到一年,絕大多數(shù)都能說一口標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、漂亮的英語,很快過了語言交際關(guān)。
所以我們不必因教了語法而感到自己沒有“與時(shí)俱進(jìn)”或“老化、落后”。要堅(jiān)持實(shí)事求是,借助英語新課程教學(xué)理論,構(gòu)建所任教學(xué)班最適宜的教學(xué)方法,面對(duì)語法必教而怎樣教并無定論的實(shí)際,我們要不斷提高理論修養(yǎng),提升自己已有的經(jīng)驗(yàn),在實(shí)施新課標(biāo)的過程中探索更多更好更有效的語法教學(xué)方法。
如何把握中學(xué)英語教學(xué)語法教學(xué)
對(duì)于英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的現(xiàn)行教材的語法內(nèi)容,及目前的教學(xué)實(shí)際我們?cè)趺窗盐漳?
1、要在接觸大量語言材料的基礎(chǔ)上學(xué)語法
外語的習(xí)得是一個(gè)從感性到理性的過程,中學(xué)生學(xué)英語首先應(yīng)當(dāng)通過聽說和閱讀的實(shí)踐,接觸大量的地道英語,初步樹立語感,然后在大量語言材料的基礎(chǔ)上歸納出一些規(guī)律性的東西,這就是語法。語法是語言的組織規(guī)律和結(jié)構(gòu)框架,它規(guī)范著人們的語言活動(dòng)。不管你承認(rèn)不承認(rèn),自覺不自覺,你只要在運(yùn)用語言,便無時(shí)無刻不受語法規(guī)律的支配。你如果不理它,它就給你顏色看:句子看不懂,言語不地道,表達(dá)不準(zhǔn)確,翻譯不達(dá)意,總而言之,弄得你寸步難行。那么,這么重要的規(guī)律和法則是否都要靠我們自己去歸納出來呢?那也不是的,前人早已為我們歸納出來了,這就是我們平時(shí)所謂的教學(xué)語法,也就是可以買到的語法書。語法書是語言學(xué)家對(duì)客觀存在的語言組織規(guī)律的認(rèn)識(shí)和描寫,其中雖帶有一定的主觀性,但它描寫的基本法則還是長期起作用的。我們學(xué)習(xí)了這些基本法則,就可以加深對(duì)所學(xué)語言的認(rèn)知,加深語感,加快英語習(xí)得的進(jìn)度。中學(xué)生在英語學(xué)習(xí)中學(xué)點(diǎn)語法,就好像在一個(gè)陌生的領(lǐng)域找到了向?qū)?,它?huì)帶領(lǐng)你順利地入門,升堂入室,漸入佳境。有些人多年學(xué)英語,卻老是在原地踏步不前,像是一鍋“夾生飯”,怎樣也“煮不熟”,這就是因?yàn)閷W(xué)習(xí)方法不對(duì)頭,還沒有入門,無法前進(jìn),這里也顯示出學(xué)點(diǎn)語法的重要性。
2、要聯(lián)系詞匯來學(xué)習(xí)語法
任何一種活的語言都是音、義結(jié)合的語法和詞匯的體系:語法賦予語言以結(jié)構(gòu)形式,而詞匯則通過語法結(jié)構(gòu)賦予語言以意義內(nèi)容,因此,語法和詞匯是緊密地聯(lián)系在一起的。比如特定的語法結(jié)構(gòu)往往要求某種類別的詞與之匹配,如果用錯(cuò)了詞,盡管語法結(jié)構(gòu)沒有錯(cuò),仍然是個(gè)病句。比如可以說:
○be patient.請(qǐng)耐心點(diǎn)。
○don’t be impatient.別不耐煩。
○please be careful.請(qǐng)小心點(diǎn)。
○don’t be careless.不要粗心大意。
卻不可以說:
×be pretty.×don’t be hungry.同是“動(dòng)詞be + 形容詞”構(gòu)成的祈使句,為什么前者對(duì),后者錯(cuò)?因?yàn)樵谶@種類型的祈使句中,形容詞必須是“動(dòng)態(tài)的”,而不可以是“靜態(tài)的”。動(dòng)詞的使用也有類似的情況,比如可以說:
○i have been / stayed in beijing for three days.我來北京已經(jīng)三天了。
卻不可以說:
×i have come to beijing for three days.為什么?因?yàn)樵诒硎境掷m(xù)一段時(shí)間的句子里,只可以用靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞或者表示持續(xù)動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞,而不可以用表示一次性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞。同樣地,我們可以說:
○i have owned this house for 20 years.我買這幢房子已有20年了。
卻不可以說:
×i have bought this house for 20 years.有時(shí)同一個(gè)詞用在同一句中,只因出現(xiàn)在不同的位置,以致全劇的意義完全改變。例如:
you should speak lly, you should speak.副詞naturally在第一句中出現(xiàn)的句尾,是方式狀語,全句的意義是,“你發(fā)言應(yīng)該自然一點(diǎn)兒”;在第二句中,naturally出現(xiàn)在句首,而且用逗號(hào)隔開,是評(píng)注性狀語,表示說話人對(duì)自己所說的話的態(tài)度,全句的意思是,“當(dāng)然了,你應(yīng)該發(fā)言”。又例如:
i don’t think he will meet you ally, i don’t think he will meat you.前一句的意思是,“我認(rèn)為他不會(huì)親自接見你?!焙笠痪涞囊馑际?,“我個(gè)人看來,他不會(huì)接見你?!庇掷纾?/p>
he gave me a lift kindly gave me a lift.前一句的意思是,“他好心地讓我順便搭他的車。”后一句的意思是,“他真好,讓我順便搭他的車?!边@句話相當(dāng)于it was kind of him to give me a lift.以上諸例都說明詞匯和語法的密切關(guān)系,如果脫離了詞匯,空談?wù)Z法結(jié)構(gòu),往往就難以講深講透。這也說明《新編英語語法》聯(lián)系詞匯意義來講語法,劃分“動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞”與“靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞”、“動(dòng)態(tài)形容詞與靜態(tài)形容詞”等等的重要性和必要性。
3、要聯(lián)系上下文(語境)來學(xué)習(xí)語法
我們學(xué)習(xí)語法就是要掌握用詞造句的規(guī)則,但是我們?cè)斓木渥硬粌H要求語法結(jié)構(gòu)是正確的,還要求所造的句子在一定上下文中是恰當(dāng)?shù)模@就是“正確性”與“適合性”的問題。我們知道,沒有存在于真空中的句子,任何一個(gè)句子都存在于特定的語境中。比如有人問你:
where do you come from? 你是哪里人?
你回答說:
i’m a student.我是學(xué)生。
這就是適合性問題,這個(gè)答語的結(jié)構(gòu)雖然符合語法規(guī)則,但它用錯(cuò)了地方,答非所問,從而不能達(dá)到交際目的。英語中有一些語法結(jié)構(gòu)可以這樣那樣地轉(zhuǎn)換,但在特定的語境中往往只能用其一種,不可以隨意轉(zhuǎn)換。比如在“主語 + 動(dòng)詞 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語”的句子中,從語法結(jié)構(gòu)上看,間接賓語的位置可以前后移動(dòng):
he gave me a watch.→he gave a watch to me.這兩個(gè)句子都符合語法規(guī)則,但是在特定的上下文中,你只能用其中的一種形式,比如問句是:
what did he give you?
你的答語只能是:
he gave me a watch.(或者a watch.)
如果問句是:
to whom did he give a watch?
你的回答只能是:
he gave a watch to me.(或者to me.)
又如在“主—?jiǎng)印e”結(jié)構(gòu)的句式中,主動(dòng)句通??梢赞D(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)句:
the hunter killed a snake.→a snake was killed by the hunter.這兩個(gè)句子都是符合語法規(guī)則的,但若上文是:
who killed the snake?
你只能用被動(dòng)句:
it(the snake)was killed by the hunter.如果上文問的是:
what did the hunter do?
你只能用主動(dòng)句:
he(the hunter)killed a snake.聯(lián)系上下文學(xué)習(xí)語法,不僅可以保證語言使用的適合性,而且還可以通過上下文了解句子的弦外之音,即交際功能。要知道,一個(gè)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)形式和意義是一回事,同一句子在一定交際場(chǎng)合中能起什么樣的交際作用則是另外一回事。同一類型的句子在不同的交際場(chǎng)合可以有不同的交際功能。比如一般疑問句并不一定都是向?qū)Ψ皆儐柷闆r,它可能是一種請(qǐng)求:
could you lend me a hand? 請(qǐng)幫我一把。
也可能是表示款待:
would you like a cup of tea? 請(qǐng)喝茶。
可能是一種警告:
do you know there is a strong current here? 這里有急湍暗流(要當(dāng)心)!
也可能是一種威脅:
do you want a punch on the nose? 當(dāng)心挨揍!
所有這些交際功能都只有在一定上下文和語境中才能判定
4、要聯(lián)系語音語調(diào)來學(xué)習(xí)語法
如前所述,語言是音、義結(jié)合的語法和詞匯的體系,這也就是說,語法和語音天生就是綁在一起的。比如調(diào)型的改變往往引起語義的改變,例如陳述句通常是以降調(diào)收剎,如果詞序不變,而將調(diào)型變?yōu)榈蜕{(diào),句子便成為疑問句:
he goes to school at eight.他8點(diǎn)上學(xué)。(陳述句)
he goes to school at eight? 他8點(diǎn)上學(xué)嗎?(疑問句)
調(diào)心位置的移動(dòng),也會(huì)直接關(guān)系著整個(gè)句子的意義:
susan can speak chi nese.蘇珊能講漢語。(語義重心在“漢語”上。)
susan can speak chinese.蘇珊能說漢語。(語義重心在“說”上,言下之意:她寫得不好。)
susan can speak chinese.蘇珊能說漢語。(語義重心在“蘇珊”上,言下之意:別人不能說。)
關(guān)鍵詞的重讀與非重讀,也往往引起語義的差異。比如英語里有一些以there開首的句子,其中有的是倒裝句,有的不是。there如果重讀,在句中作地點(diǎn)狀語,那便是倒裝句:
there / / is our car.我們的車子在那兒。
there / / comes the bus.公共汽車來了。
如果there非重讀,讀作/ /,在句中作引導(dǎo)詞(又叫“形式主語”),那就是“存在句”,是一種正常詞序。例如:
there / / is a car outside the door.門外有一輛轎車。
there / / stands a church on the hill.山上有一座教堂。
因此,我們學(xué)習(xí)語法決不能忽視語音語調(diào)的作用。
5、學(xué)語法是手段,不是目的學(xué)習(xí)一門外語,靠的是大量的聽、說、讀、寫的實(shí)踐,在積累一定的語言知識(shí)的前提下學(xué)點(diǎn)語法,就好像找到了一個(gè)向?qū)В芤闳腴T,引你入勝,自覺地按照語言的基本法則把聽、說、讀、寫的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)逐步推向更高的水平。但是學(xué)語法畢竟僅是一種手段,而不是目的,中學(xué)生學(xué)語法只要樹立了清晰的語法概念,掌握了基本的語言法則就夠了,而不必過多地糾纏在語法條條中以致影響聽力的靈敏性和口語的流利性。凡事都應(yīng)該有個(gè)度,好事做過了頭就會(huì)變成壞事,學(xué)語法也是一樣,中學(xué)生學(xué)點(diǎn)語法有好處,但是學(xué)到一定程度就應(yīng)該適時(shí)打住,以便把精力集中在聽、說、讀、寫的實(shí)踐上。這就好比游覽名勝,不要在一個(gè)景點(diǎn)里盤桓過久以致耽誤了許多其他景點(diǎn)。我們學(xué)英語的目的是為了掌握一門外語作為交際工具,其中學(xué)點(diǎn)語法僅是作為入門的向?qū)?,并不等于掌握了英語的全部。英語里需要學(xué)習(xí)的東西很多,除語法規(guī)則所能涵蓋的項(xiàng)目外,還有大量的習(xí)慣用法,不是語法規(guī)則所能解釋的,比如為什么可以說:
○he is so intelligent a boy.卻不可以說:
×he is a so intelligent boy.為什么可以說:
○he is not an intelligent boy.○he is a not very intelligent boy.卻不可以說:
×he is a not intelligent boy.諸如此類的問題都是習(xí)慣用法問題,不是語法規(guī)則所能解釋的。在英語學(xué)習(xí)中,我們還要掌握大量的詞組動(dòng)詞,他們都是一些固定搭配,比如blow out(爆發(fā)),blow up(爆炸),look after(照顧),look into(調(diào)查),come across(碰見),come by(得到),carry on(繼續(xù)),carry out(貫徹),take over(接管),take to(愛上),諸如此類,不勝枚舉。據(jù)說英語里頭有18個(gè)常用動(dòng)詞,用他們的搭配關(guān)系可以表達(dá)各種思想,這也不是語法所能解決的問題。
最后,我還要提一下語言和文化的關(guān)系:要學(xué)好一門外語還必須對(duì)所學(xué)語言國家的文化歷史、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣有所了解,在與外國人交際中,要學(xué)會(huì)尊重人家的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣來表達(dá)自己的思想,而不受本國風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣的干擾。比如我們中國是個(gè)尊老敬老的社會(huì),遇見老人問一聲“您多大年紀(jì)了?”這是表示尊敬,如果對(duì)一個(gè)西方人這樣問,人家就會(huì)感覺不快。又例如中國人遇見鄰居打招呼常問道:“吃過飯了么?”如果對(duì)方是個(gè)西方人你這樣問,人家就會(huì)誤解你是否要請(qǐng)他吃飯,這就沒有達(dá)到交際目的。此外,在交際場(chǎng)合中我們還要學(xué)會(huì)在什么場(chǎng)合說什么話,對(duì)什么人說什么話,這些也都不是幾條語法規(guī)則所能解決的。
講到這里,我本人好像也是一個(gè)“語法淡化論者”了,絕對(duì)不是。我認(rèn)為在我國的中學(xué)英語教學(xué)中,語法不可以“淡化”,更不可以“取消”,而是應(yīng)該很好地“革新”語法的內(nèi)容,改進(jìn)語法的教法,使語法成為培養(yǎng)語言技能的一個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié),而又不過度地偏重語法分析,影響聽、說、讀、寫的訓(xùn)練,這就是說,學(xué)語法僅是手段而不是目的。
高中英語語法教學(xué)反思篇二
一、認(rèn)識(shí)語法教學(xué)的重要性和必要性
語法是聽說讀寫的根基。在聽力練習(xí)時(shí)能感悟意群至關(guān)重要,而這很大程度上依靠語法。至于口語表達(dá),很多人認(rèn)為能讓聽者聽懂意思即可。語法在閱讀上更是舉足輕重,完形填空雖是意義缺失考查題,但是語法可以簡化句子,降低難度。如先抽出一個(gè)句子中主句的主謂,其它的輔助成分,如長定語、同位語可以暫時(shí)忽略。閱讀理解中有好多細(xì)節(jié)性考查題,分析某個(gè)長句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是無法逃避的。有人認(rèn)為,多記單詞就足夠了,不必注重語法。但我認(rèn)為兩者同等重要。如果把閱讀比作建設(shè)樓房的話,那么詞匯是建筑材料,語法就是框架,兩者是相輔相成的。對(duì)大多數(shù)學(xué)生來說,是最棘手的問題。如果語法學(xué)得透徹的話,不僅能確保不犯這些低級(jí)錯(cuò)誤,還能正確使用從句與非謂語動(dòng)詞,顯著提升作文的檔次。
二、組織好語法教學(xué)
1.注重知識(shí)的積累和儲(chǔ)備。同樣一個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn),仁者見仁,智者見智。挖掘出語法的深層含義,有自己的見解,盡量用精辟的的語言來闡述語法,讓學(xué)生有種豁然開朗、茅塞頓開的感覺,2.采用從已知過渡到未知的啟發(fā)誘導(dǎo)式教學(xué)方法,化難為易,使語法講解通俗易懂。
3.集中呈現(xiàn),做好系統(tǒng)講解。
4.做好易混語法的對(duì)比分析。采用讓學(xué)生觀察——發(fā)現(xiàn)——討論——?dú)w納這樣的步驟,這樣不僅僅可以避免枯燥無味的講解,還能讓學(xué)生有種成就感,記得更牢固。如果只是純粹的說教,學(xué)生當(dāng)時(shí)覺得聽得很明白,但是課后就不能靈活運(yùn)用這些知識(shí)了。盡管這樣做看似浪費(fèi)時(shí)間,但實(shí)際上卻能收到事半功倍、一勞永逸的效果。
5.根據(jù)具體情況采取表格的方式呈現(xiàn)出語法(靈活設(shè)計(jì)表格),這樣簡潔明了,易于理解和記憶。
6.讓學(xué)生背誦一些含有語法的名言警句。我們?nèi)钥裳赜脗鹘y(tǒng)語法教學(xué)中一些好的記憶語言形式的方法,精選一些包含某些語法結(jié)構(gòu)的典型句子,讓學(xué)生通過記憶和運(yùn)用這些句子,而起到既能背誦一些經(jīng)典句子,又能熟練運(yùn)用某項(xiàng)語法的作用,達(dá)到一箭雙雕的效果。
7.多做總結(jié),查漏補(bǔ)缺。對(duì)語法的講解是一個(gè)不斷探索、永無止境的過程。如果僅僅是把語法點(diǎn)展示給學(xué)生,這很容易,有些時(shí)候?qū)W生自己看資料就能明白。但要做到精益求精,必須從各個(gè)層次上要求自己??偠灾?,教學(xué)過程中及時(shí)反思,認(rèn)真做總結(jié),多參考書本資料和網(wǎng)絡(luò)資料,多和學(xué)生溝通,學(xué)會(huì)換位思考,這樣做能使語法教學(xué)走向更高的境界。
高中英語語法教學(xué)反思篇三
我國著名教授熊川武博士把反思性教學(xué)定義為:教學(xué)主體借助行動(dòng)研究,不斷探究與解決自身和教學(xué)目的以及教學(xué)工具等方面的問題。因此,反思對(duì)語法教學(xué)的也是極其重要的。
首先,靈活使用教材,適時(shí)調(diào)整教學(xué)方法。注意培養(yǎng)學(xué)生運(yùn)用語法規(guī)則的能力。在學(xué)生大量語言實(shí)踐的基礎(chǔ)上,教師應(yīng)按照實(shí)踐—認(rèn)識(shí)—再實(shí)踐—再認(rèn)識(shí)的思想,不斷拓寬和加深學(xué)生對(duì)同一語法項(xiàng)目的認(rèn)識(shí),提高其運(yùn)用能力。
其次,突出重點(diǎn),集中教授。語法教學(xué)要集中內(nèi)容、集中材料、集中時(shí)間、集中一切手段與方法,特別是進(jìn)入選修教材的語法學(xué)習(xí)和高考復(fù)習(xí)備考階段,更應(yīng)如此。在實(shí)際教學(xué)中,教師應(yīng)該讓學(xué)生在充足語境中反復(fù)實(shí)踐相關(guān)的重點(diǎn)語法項(xiàng)目。
最后,提倡發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)習(xí)。讓學(xué)生在所學(xué)課文中去發(fā)現(xiàn)與本單元語法項(xiàng)目相一致的語言表達(dá)形式,并能在課堂上與老師一起就語法項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行觀察、歸納和總結(jié),提出一些解決問題的建議。
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